Funnel architect

01What is it?
Activate this module when the user's request involves any of the following. It stands out by giving funnel architect a defined shape, so the agent asks for better context and returns a more usable result.
02Inputs
Context the agent needs: your goals, audience, constraints, and any source material the skill asks for.
03Output
A ready-to-use result: the analysis, copy, or recommendations the agent produces.
Install-only

Install as a package

Installs this one skill package for your coding agent, including any supporting files that skill ships with — not every skill in the repository. Read the tutorial.

Terminal
$ npx skills add indranilbanerjee/digital-marketing-pro --skill funnel-architect

Skill instructions

The instruction file for this skill. The skill also includes other files you need to install to use it.

SKILL.md

Funnel Architect

When to Use This Skill

Activate this module when the user's request involves any of the following:

  • Funnel Design: Building or restructuring a marketing/sales funnel for a specific business model
  • Customer Journey Mapping: Visualizing the end-to-end path from first awareness to post-purchase advocacy
  • Attribution Modeling: Determining how credit for conversions should be assigned across touchpoints
  • Funnel Analysis: Diagnosing where prospects drop off and why
  • Conversion Path Optimization: Improving the sequence of interactions that lead to conversion
  • Gap Analysis: Identifying missing stages, touchpoints, or content in an existing funnel
  • Micro-Conversion Strategy: Defining and optimizing the small commitments that lead to macro conversions

Trigger phrases: "funnel," "customer journey," "attribution," "conversion path," "where are we losing customers," "buyer journey," "TOFU/MOFU/BOFU," "lead nurture flow," "drop-off analysis," "touchpoint mapping," "pipeline," "conversion rate by stage"

Brand Context (Auto-Applied)

Before producing any marketing output from this module:

  1. Check session context — The active brand summary was output at session start. Use the brand name, industry, voice settings, channels, goals, compliance, and competitors shown there.
  2. If you need the full profile, read: ~/.claude-marketing/brands/{slug}/profile.json
  3. Apply brand voice — Formality, energy, humor, authority levels must shape all content tone and word choices
  4. Check compliance — Auto-apply rules for brand's target_markets and industry using skills/context-engine/compliance-rules.md
  5. Reference industry benchmarks — Consult skills/context-engine/industry-profiles.md for the brand's industry
  6. Use platform specs — Reference skills/context-engine/platform-specs.md for character limits and format requirements
  7. Check campaign history — Run python "${CLAUDE_PLUGIN_ROOT}/scripts/campaign-tracker.py" --brand {slug} --action list-campaigns before planning new work
  8. If no brand exists, say: "No brand profile found. Use /digital-marketing-pro:brand-setup to create one, or I can proceed with general best practices."
  9. Check brand guidelines — If ~/.claude-marketing/brands/{slug}/guidelines/_manifest.json exists, load and enforce: restrictions.md for banned words, restricted claims, and mandatory disclaimers; channel-styles.md for channel-specific tone overrides (may differ from base voice); messaging.md for approved key messages, taglines, and positioning language; voice-and-tone.md for detailed voice rules beyond the 4 numeric scores. If producing content for a specific channel, channel style rules take precedence over base voice settings.

Do not ask the user for information that already exists in their brand profile.

Required Context

Before executing funnel work, gather:

  1. Business Model: SaaS, e-commerce, lead gen, marketplace, subscription, service-based, hybrid, etc.
  2. Current Funnel State: Does a documented funnel exist? What stages are defined? What tools track it?
  3. Revenue Model: How the business makes money (subscription, one-time purchase, freemium, etc.)
  4. Average Deal Size & Sales Cycle Length: Critical for determining funnel complexity
  5. Key Conversion Actions: What counts as a lead, MQL, SQL, opportunity, customer?
  6. Current Metrics: Conversion rates between stages if available
  7. Tech Stack: CRM, marketing automation, analytics platforms in use
  8. Team Structure: Is there a separate sales team? Is it product-led growth? Who owns each funnel stage?

If the user cannot provide all context, use the business model to apply sensible defaults and note assumptions.

Minimum viable context: Business model and what the company sells. Everything else can be inferred from these two inputs and refined as more information surfaces.

Capabilities

  • Business-Model-Adaptive Funnel Design: Custom funnel architectures for 9 distinct business models (SaaS, e-commerce, lead gen, marketplace, subscription box, professional services, media/publishing, mobile app, B2B enterprise)
  • Journey Mapping with Emotion & Friction Points: Visual journey maps that capture not just touchpoints but emotional states, friction moments, and decision triggers at each stage
  • Attribution Model Selection & Design: Guidance on choosing the right attribution model (last-click, first-click, linear, time-decay, position-based, data-driven, custom) based on business context
  • Funnel Templates: Pre-built, customizable funnel frameworks for 9 business models with default stages, KPIs, and conversion benchmarks
  • Gap Analysis: Systematic identification of missing stages, content, touchpoints, or automation in an existing funnel
  • Micro-Conversion Definition: Identifying and sequencing the small commitment actions that build toward macro conversion
  • Stage-by-Stage KPI Framework: Defining the right metrics for every funnel stage so performance is measurable
  • Funnel Velocity Analysis: Measuring how quickly prospects move through stages and identifying bottlenecks
  • Multi-Touch Journey Orchestration: Designing coordinated touchpoint sequences across channels
  • Post-Purchase Funnel Extension: Retention, expansion, and advocacy stage design

Process

Primary Workflow: Funnel Design & Optimization

  1. Business Model Classification

    • Identify the business model (or hybrid combination)
    • Determine the revenue model and typical sales cycle
    • Classify as product-led, sales-led, or hybrid growth motion
    • Select the appropriate funnel template as a starting framework
  2. Current State Assessment

    • If an existing funnel is documented, map it stage by stage
    • Identify what metrics are currently tracked at each stage
    • Note where tracking breaks down or data goes dark
    • Document all current touchpoints (ads, content, emails, sales calls, product interactions)
  3. Journey Mapping

    • Map the full customer journey from unaware to advocate
    • For each stage, document:
      • Touchpoints: What the prospect interacts with
      • Actions: What they do (micro-conversions)
      • Emotions: What they feel (excitement, confusion, hesitation, trust)
      • Friction Points: What slows them down or causes drop-off
      • Decision Triggers: What moves them to the next stage
      • Content Needs: What information they need at this moment
    • Include parallel paths (not all journeys are linear)
  4. Gap Analysis

    • Compare current state against the ideal funnel for this business model
    • Identify missing stages or undefined transitions
    • Flag content gaps (stages with no supporting content)
    • Highlight automation gaps (manual handoffs that should be automated)
    • Detect measurement gaps (stages with no KPIs)
    • Spot channel gaps (stages served by only one channel)
  5. Funnel Architecture Design

    • Define each stage with clear entry/exit criteria
    • Assign KPIs and conversion benchmarks to every stage
    • Design the micro-conversion sequence
    • Map content to each stage (existing and needed)
    • Specify automation triggers and rules
    • Define handoff protocols between marketing and sales (if applicable)
  6. Attribution Model Recommendation

    • Based on funnel complexity, sales cycle length, and available data, recommend an attribution model
    • Explain trade-offs of the recommendation vs. alternatives
    • Provide implementation guidance for their tech stack
  7. Optimization Roadmap

    • Prioritize improvements by impact and effort
    • Define A/B testing plan for high-impact stage transitions
    • Set up monitoring cadence for funnel health metrics
    • Create a 30/60/90-day optimization plan

Secondary Workflow: Funnel Diagnosis (When a Funnel Exists but Underperforms)

  1. Data Collection

    • Gather conversion rates between every stage for the last 3-6 months
    • Pull time-to-conversion data (how long prospects spend at each stage)
    • Identify volume at each stage to build the full funnel waterfall
  2. Drop-Off Analysis

    • Calculate the absolute and relative drop-off at each stage transition
    • Identify the single largest drop-off point (the "leaky bucket")
    • Segment drop-off by traffic source, device, geography, and audience segment
    • Determine if drop-off is a volume problem (not enough enter the stage) or a conversion problem (they enter but don't advance)
  3. Root Cause Identification

    • For each high-drop-off transition, investigate:
      • Is the content at this stage compelling enough?
      • Is the CTA clear and the next step obvious?
      • Is there a friction point (long forms, confusing UX, required info the prospect does not have)?
      • Is the timing wrong (asking for too much too early)?
      • Is there a trust gap (insufficient social proof or credibility at this stage)?
    • Cross-reference with qualitative data (customer feedback, sales team input, session recordings) if available
  4. Fix Prioritization

    • Score each identified issue on impact (how much conversion improvement is possible) and effort (how hard is the fix)
    • Focus on the highest-impact, lowest-effort fixes first
    • Design specific experiments to test each fix before full rollout

Reference Files

  • journey-mapping.md — Customer journey mapping methodology, emotion mapping framework, touchpoint cataloging, and journey visualization templates
  • attribution-models.md — Detailed comparison of attribution models, selection criteria decision tree, implementation guides per platform, and custom model design
  • funnel-templates.md — Pre-built funnel architectures for 9 business models with default stages, benchmarks, and customization guides
  • gap-analysis.md — Gap analysis framework, diagnostic questions, common gap patterns by business model, and prioritization scoring

Output Formats

DeliverableFormatDescription
Funnel ArchitectureVisual diagram + documentStage-by-stage funnel with entry/exit criteria, KPIs, and content mapping
Customer Journey MapVisual map + narrativeFull journey from awareness to advocacy with emotions, friction, and triggers
Gap Analysis ReportDocument with prioritiesAll identified gaps with severity, impact score, and fix recommendations
Attribution Model SpecDocumentRecommended model with rationale, alternatives, and implementation steps
Stage KPI DashboardTable/spreadsheet specMetrics, benchmarks, and tracking methodology for every funnel stage
Micro-Conversion MapDiagram + documentSequenced small-commitment actions that build toward macro conversions
Funnel Optimization RoadmapPrioritized plan30/60/90-day plan with specific actions, owners, and expected impact

Edge Cases

Hybrid Business Models

  • Situation: Business combines multiple models (e.g., SaaS with a marketplace component, or e-commerce with subscription)
  • Approach: Build a primary funnel based on the dominant revenue model, then layer in secondary paths. Identify where the funnels diverge and converge. Create distinct stage definitions for each path but unified attribution. Do not force-fit a single template — hybrid models need hybrid funnels.

Two-Sided Marketplaces

  • Situation: Business serves both supply side (sellers, providers) and demand side (buyers, consumers)
  • Approach: Design parallel funnels for each side. Map interdependencies (where one side's funnel stage depends on the other side's activity). Identify the "chicken and egg" dynamics and design the funnel to solve for the constrained side first. Track marketplace liquidity metrics alongside conversion metrics.

Offline-to-Online Journeys

  • Situation: Significant portion of the journey happens offline (events, retail, phone calls, field sales)
  • Approach: Create explicit "dark funnel" stages where tracking is limited. Design bridge mechanisms (QR codes, unique URLs, call tracking numbers, CRM manual entry) to connect offline interactions to the digital funnel. Acknowledge measurement limitations honestly and recommend proxy metrics where direct tracking is impossible.

Very Long B2B Cycles (12+ Months)

  • Situation: Enterprise sales with buying committees, RFPs, legal review, and 12-24 month cycles
  • Approach: Build a milestone-based funnel rather than a time-based one. Design for buying committee dynamics (champion, economic buyer, technical evaluator, legal). Include "re-engagement" loops for stalled deals. Use account-level scoring rather than individual lead scoring. Attribution must be multi-touch with heavy time-decay weighting. Content needs are deep and stage-specific — exec summaries for C-suite, technical docs for evaluators, ROI models for finance.

Product-Led Growth (PLG) Funnels

  • Situation: Product usage IS the primary funnel mechanism — users self-serve through a free tier or trial before converting
  • Approach: The funnel is driven by product engagement, not traditional marketing touches. Design around activation milestones (the "aha moments" in the product). Map the progression from signup to activation to engagement to conversion to expansion. Define product-qualified leads (PQLs) based on usage thresholds rather than marketing-qualified leads. Integrate product analytics (Amplitude, Mixpanel, Pendo) as the primary funnel tracking tool. Marketing's role shifts toward driving signups and supporting activation through in-app messaging, onboarding emails, and educational content.

Funnel with No Existing Data

  • Situation: New business or new market with no historical funnel data to analyze
  • Approach: Build a hypothesis funnel using industry benchmarks and business model templates. Define stage conversion rate assumptions clearly and label them as hypotheses. Design the funnel with measurement baked in from day one so data accumulates quickly. Recommend a 90-day "instrument and learn" phase where the goal is data collection and assumption validation, not optimization. Set minimum traffic/volume thresholds for each stage before drawing conclusions from conversion rates.

Related Skills

  • Campaign Orchestrator — For executing the campaigns that drive traffic into the funnel and move prospects through stages
  • Audience Intelligence — For understanding who enters the funnel, building personas for each stage, and segmenting by funnel behavior
  • Analytics & Insights — For measuring funnel performance, attribution analysis, and anomaly detection in conversion rates
  • Content Engine — For creating the stage-specific content mapped to each funnel touchpoint
  • AEO/GEO Intelligence — For optimizing the top-of-funnel awareness stage where AI-generated answers drive discovery

Supporting file: attribution-models.md

Attribution Models — Comparison & Implementation Guide

Model Comparison

ModelHow It WorksBest ForLimitation
Last-Click100% credit to last touchpointShort sales cycles, direct responseIgnores awareness/consideration
First-Click100% credit to first touchpointBrand awareness campaignsIgnores nurture/conversion steps
LinearEqual credit to all touchpointsBalanced overviewOver-credits low-impact touches
Time-DecayMore credit to touches closer to conversionLong sales cycles, B2BUnder-credits awareness
Position-Based (U-shape)40% first, 40% last, 20% split among middleBalanced with emphasis on intro/closeSomewhat arbitrary splits
Data-DrivenML model allocates based on actual impactLarge datasets (300+ conversions/month)Requires significant data volume
Marketing Mix ModelingEconometric model using aggregate dataBudget allocation across channelsSlow, requires historical data

Model Selection Decision Tree

START: How many conversions per month?
├── < 300 → Use Position-Based or Time-Decay
│   ├── Short sales cycle (< 7 days)? → Last-Click or Linear
│   └── Long sales cycle (> 30 days)? → Time-Decay
├── 300-1000 → Consider Data-Driven
│   └── Is your analytics platform capable? → Use Data-Driven
└── > 1000 → Use Data-Driven + MMM for budget planning

BUSINESS MODEL OVERRIDES:
- eCommerce / DTC → Last-Click baseline, upgrade to Data-Driven when possible
- B2B SaaS → Position-Based or Time-Decay (long cycles, many touches)
- Local Business → Last-Click (simple journeys)
- Marketplace → Separate attribution for supply and demand sides

Platform Implementation Guides

Google Analytics 4 (GA4)

  • Default: Data-driven attribution (cross-channel)
  • Configurable models: Since 2023, GA4's Admin → Attribution Settings exposes only data-driven and last-click (paid & organic channels) — the old menu of linear / time-decay / position-based / first-click was removed. To apply linear, time-decay, position-based, or any custom credit rule, model it in your warehouse / BI layer (BigQuery export + SQL, or a BI tool) — not in GA4's UI.
  • Lookback windows: 30 days for acquisition, 90 days for other conversions
  • Reports: Advertising → Attribution → Model comparison (compares the two available models)
  • AI Assistant channel: GA4's default channel grouping now includes an "AI Assistant" channel that isolates referral traffic from AI assistants (ChatGPT, Gemini, Copilot, Perplexity, etc.). Include it in channel breakdowns so AI-sourced conversions are not misfiled under "Referral" or "Direct".
  • Limitation: Only tracks Google-visible touchpoints, cannot see all walled garden data

Meta (Facebook) Attribution

  • Default: 7-day click, 1-day view attribution
  • Conversions API (CAPI): Server-side event tracking for better match rates
  • Aggregated Event Measurement: For iOS 14+ tracking limitations
  • Recommended: Configure CAPI + browser pixel for maximum data coverage
  • Compare: Meta's self-reported conversions vs GA4's cross-channel view

Google Ads

  • Default: Last-click within Google Ads
  • Data-driven: Available in conversion settings when sufficient data
  • Cross-campaign: Attribution applies across Search, Display, YouTube, Shopping
  • Recommendation: Enable data-driven attribution, set appropriate conversion windows

Cross-Device Attribution

Challenges

  • Same user, different devices appears as multiple users
  • Cookie-based tracking breaks across devices
  • Privacy regulations limit cross-device linking

Solutions

  1. Deterministic matching: Logged-in user IDs across devices (most accurate, requires auth)
  2. Probabilistic matching: Statistical models linking device patterns (less accurate)
  3. Google Signals: Cross-device data from logged-in Google users in GA4
  4. CRM integration: Match conversions to known contacts across touchpoints

Custom Model Design Framework

When standard models don't fit:

  1. Define touchpoint categories: Awareness, Engagement, Conversion Assist, Conversion
  2. Assign category weights based on business model:
    • B2B SaaS: Awareness 20%, Engagement 30%, Assist 20%, Conversion 30%
    • eCommerce: Awareness 15%, Engagement 15%, Assist 20%, Conversion 50%
  3. Test against actual outcomes: Compare model predictions to observed patterns
  4. Iterate quarterly: Adjust weights based on incrementality test results

Attribution Validation

How to Verify Your Model Is Accurate

  1. Holdout tests: Pause a channel, measure true impact vs model-predicted impact
  2. Incrementality tests: Geo-split or user-split experiments per channel
  3. Cross-model comparison: Run 2-3 models in parallel, compare conclusions
  4. Sanity checks: Does the attribution match what you intuitively know about channel performance?
  5. Revenue reconciliation: Do attributed conversions sum to actual revenue?

Red Flags

  • A single channel claims >80% of conversions (likely measurement bias)
  • Model suddenly changes attribution dramatically (check for tracking issues)
  • Branded search gets majority credit (it's capturing demand, not creating it)
  • Model ignores channels you know drive awareness (review touchpoint capture)

Supporting file: funnel-templates.md

Funnel Templates — Pre-Built Architectures by Business Model

B2B SaaS (AARRR Funnel)

StageDefinitionKey MetricsBenchmark
AcquisitionVisitor arrives (any channel)Traffic, CAC by channelOrganic: $50-200 CAC
ActivationReaches "aha moment" (completes key action)Activation rate, time-to-value20-40% of signups
RetentionReturns and uses regularlyDAU/MAU, retention curve, NRR40-60% month-1, NRR >100%
RevenueConverts to paid / expandsConversion rate, ARPU, expansion MRR3-8% free-to-paid
ReferralInvites othersViral coefficient, referral rateK-factor 0.1-0.5

Lead stages: Visitor → MQL (content engagement) → PQL (product usage threshold) → SQL (sales-ready) → Opportunity → Customer


eCommerce / DTC

StageDefinitionKey MetricsBenchmark
DiscoverFinds store/productTraffic, ad impressions, social reach
BrowseViews productsPages/session, product views, bounce rate2-3 pages/session
Add to CartShows purchase intentCart add rate5-15% of sessions
CheckoutBegins checkoutCheckout initiation rate30-60% of cart adds
PurchaseCompletes orderConversion rate, AOV1.5-3.5% overall
RepeatReturns to buy againRepeat purchase rate, LTV25-40% within 90 days

Key lever: Cart abandonment recovery (average 70% abandonment rate)


B2B Services / Consulting

StageDefinitionKey MetricsBenchmark
AwarenessDiscovers the firmWebsite visits, content downloads
InterestEngages with thought leadershipEmail signups, webinar attendance, content consumption2-5% visitor-to-lead
ConsultationBooks initial meetingDiscovery calls booked, show rate20-40% of leads
ProposalReceives proposalProposals sent, win rate25-50% win rate
CloseSigns contractDeal value, sales cycle length30-90 day cycle
RetainRenews/expandsRetention rate, upsell rate80-90% annual retention

Key lever: Thought leadership → trust → consultation conversion


Local Business

StageDefinitionKey MetricsBenchmark
DiscoverFinds business (search, maps, referral)Google Business Profile views, local SEO rankings
VisitVisits location or websiteFoot traffic, website visits, direction requests
PurchaseMakes first purchaseTransactions, average ticket
ReviewLeaves a reviewReview rate, average rating5-10% review rate
ReturnComes backRepeat visit rate, frequency30-50% return within 60 days
ReferTells friendsReferral mentions, "how did you hear"

Key lever: Google Business Profile optimization + review generation


Marketplace (Dual-Sided)

Buyer Side

StageMetricsBenchmark
DiscoverNew buyer signups
First transactionBuyer activation rate30-50%
Repeat transactionFrequency, buyer retention2-3 transactions/quarter
LoyaltyLTV, platform preference

Seller/Supply Side

StageMetricsBenchmark
OnboardNew seller signups
First listing/saleSeller activation rate40-60%
Active sellingGMV, listing quality
GrowthSeller expansion, exclusive listing

Key lever: Solving the chicken-and-egg problem (typically start with supply)


Creator / Personal Brand

StageDefinitionKey MetricsBenchmark
DiscoverNew audience finds creatorImpressions, new followers
FollowSubscribes to contentFollower growth rate2-5% monthly growth
EngageActively interactsEngagement rate, comments, shares3-6% engagement
SubscribeJoins paid offeringConversion to paid1-5% of followers
AdvocatePromotes to their networkShare rate, UGC, testimonials

Key lever: Consistent content → engagement → trust → monetization


DTC (Direct-to-Consumer)

StageDefinitionKey MetricsBenchmark
AwarenessDiscovers brand (social, ads, PR)Reach, brand search volume
TrialFirst purchase (often low-risk entry)First-order conversion, trial offers2-4%
SubscribeConverts to subscription/repeatSubscription rate, 2nd order rate15-30% sub rate
RetainStays subscribedMonthly churn, LTV:CAC ratio<8% monthly churn
ReferShares with friendsReferral rate, K-factor10-20% referral rate

Key lever: First-to-second purchase conversion (biggest drop-off point)


Non-Profit

StageDefinitionKey Metrics
DiscoverLearns about causeWebsite visits, social reach
EngageInteracts with content/eventsEmail signups, event attendance
First GiftMakes first donationDonor acquisition rate, avg first gift
RepeatGives againDonor retention rate (target: 45%+)
Major GiftIncreases giving levelUpgrade rate, major gift pipeline
AdvocateFundraises or advocatesPeer-to-peer fundraising, volunteer rate

Supporting file: gap-analysis.md

Funnel Gap Analysis — Framework & Prioritization

Gap Identification Methodology

Data-Driven Analysis

  1. Pull funnel metrics for each stage (volume, conversion rate, time-in-stage)
  2. Compare to benchmarks from funnel-templates.md for your business model
  3. Calculate drop-off between each stage: Drop-off % = 1 - (Stage N+1 / Stage N)
  4. Identify outliers: Any stage with conversion rate >20% below benchmark is a gap
  5. Trend analysis: Is any stage getting worse over time? (even if currently above benchmark)

Qualitative Signals

  • Customer feedback mentioning friction at specific stages
  • Sales team reporting common objections or drop-off points
  • Support tickets clustering around specific journey moments
  • Session recordings showing user confusion or abandonment
  • NPS/CSAT scores that drop at specific touchpoints

Common Gap Patterns by Business Model

B2B SaaS

Gap PatternSymptomLikely Cause
Awareness gapLow organic traffic, poor brand search volumeWeak content strategy, poor SEO
Activation gapHigh signup rate, low product usagePoor onboarding, unclear time-to-value
MQL→SQL gapMarketing generates leads, sales rejects themMisaligned lead scoring, wrong audience
Trial→Paid gapUsers try but don't convertPricing friction, insufficient value demonstration
Expansion gapCustomers stay but don't growNo upsell triggers, feature awareness gap

eCommerce

Gap PatternSymptomLikely Cause
Discovery gapLow traffic despite good productsDistribution problem, poor channel mix
Browse→Cart gapHigh traffic, low cart addsProduct-market fit, pricing, UX issues
Cart abandonment70%+ abandonmentSurprise costs, complex checkout, trust deficit
Repeat purchase gapOne-time buyers don't returnNo retention program, poor post-purchase experience

B2B Services

Gap PatternSymptomLikely Cause
Trust gapTraffic but no inquiriesInsufficient social proof, thought leadership
Consultation gapLeads inquire but don't bookSlow response, friction in booking process
Proposal gapMany proposals, low win ratePricing, positioning, or proposal quality

Gap Severity Scoring

ICE Framework (Impact × Confidence × Ease)

Score each identified gap on three dimensions (1-10):

DimensionWhat It MeasuresScoring Guide
ImpactHow much revenue/growth fixing this gap would unlock10 = >50% improvement, 5 = 10-25%, 1 = <5%
ConfidenceHow sure are we this is the real problem and our fix will work10 = data-backed, tested before, 5 = educated guess, 1 = speculation
EaseHow easy is it to implement the fix10 = same day, no dev, 5 = 1-2 weeks, 1 = months + engineering

ICE Score = (Impact + Confidence + Ease) / 3

Priority Tiers

ICE ScorePriorityAction
8-10P1 — ImmediateFix this week
6-7.9P2 — Near-termPlan for next sprint/month
4-5.9P3 — BacklogSchedule when resources allow
<4P4 — MonitorTrack but don't invest yet

Gap-to-Action Mapping

Gap TypeRecommended Tactics
Awareness gapContent marketing, SEO, paid social, PR, influencer partnerships
Consideration gapComparison content, case studies, webinars, retargeting
Trust gapSocial proof, reviews, media coverage, security certifications
Activation gapOnboarding optimization, in-app guidance, success milestones
Conversion gapCRO, pricing optimization, urgency/scarcity, checkout simplification
Retention gapEmail nurture, loyalty programs, feature adoption campaigns
Expansion gapUpsell triggers, usage-based alerts, customer success outreach
Referral gapReferral programs, NPS follow-up, advocacy campaigns

Measurement Framework

Before/After Tracking

For each gap fix, document:

  1. Baseline metric: Stage conversion rate before the fix (2-4 weeks of data)
  2. Fix description: Exactly what was changed
  3. Implementation date: When the fix went live
  4. Post-fix metric: Stage conversion rate after the fix (2-4 weeks of data)
  5. Statistical significance: Was the change significant or within normal variance?
  6. Revenue impact: Estimated revenue change from the conversion rate improvement

Calculating Revenue Impact of a Gap Fix

Current monthly revenue: $X
Stage conversion rate (before): A%
Stage conversion rate (after): B%
Improvement multiplier: B/A

Estimated revenue uplift = $X × (B/A - 1) × [weight of that stage in overall funnel]

Ongoing Funnel Health Monitoring

  • Weekly: Check conversion rates at each stage, flag anomalies
  • Monthly: Full funnel analysis, compare to benchmarks, update gap priorities
  • Quarterly: Strategic funnel review, reassess architecture, plan next optimization cycle

Supporting file: journey-mapping.md

Customer Journey Mapping — Methodology & Templates

Overview

A systematic approach to mapping every touchpoint, emotion, and decision point in the customer journey from first awareness to post-purchase advocacy.


Journey Mapping Canvas

Stage Structure

StageCustomer GoalKey Questions
AwarenessRecognize they have a problem"What's causing this pain?"
ConsiderationResearch solutions"What options exist?"
DecisionChoose a solution"Which option is best for me?"
PurchaseComplete the transaction"How do I buy this?"
OnboardingStart getting value"How do I set this up?"
RetentionContinue getting value"Is this still worth it?"
AdvocacyShare with others"Should I recommend this?"

Per-Stage Documentation

For each stage, document:

  1. Touchpoints: Every interaction (ad seen, email received, page visited, call made)
  2. Channels: Where the interaction happens (Google, social, email, in-person, in-product)
  3. Actions: What the customer does (searches, clicks, downloads, talks to sales)
  4. Emotions: How they feel (frustrated, curious, excited, anxious, confident)
  5. Pain Points: What friction or confusion they experience
  6. Questions: What they need to know at this stage
  7. Content Needs: What content supports their decision at this stage
  8. KPIs: How we measure success at this stage

Emotion Mapping Framework

Emotion Scoring (-5 to +5)

ScoreEmotion StateDescription
+5DelightedExceeds expectations, "wow" moment
+3SatisfiedNeeds met smoothly
+1Neutral-positiveAdequate experience
0NeutralNo strong feeling
-1Mildly frustratedMinor friction or confusion
-3FrustratedSignificant friction, considering alternatives
-5AngryMajor failure, likely to churn/complain

Map emotion scores across the full journey to identify:

  • Peaks: Moments of delight to reinforce and amplify
  • Valleys: Moments of frustration to fix or mitigate
  • Transitions: Stage boundaries where emotion shifts most dramatically

Touchpoint Catalog

Digital Touchpoints

  • Search results (organic + paid)
  • Social media posts/ads
  • Website pages (homepage, product, pricing, blog)
  • Email (marketing, transactional, support)
  • Chat (live chat, chatbot)
  • Reviews and ratings sites
  • Webinars/events
  • In-app experience
  • Push notifications

Human Touchpoints

  • Sales calls/demos
  • Customer support interactions
  • Account management
  • Onboarding sessions
  • Community interactions
  • In-person events

Brand Touchpoints

  • PR/media coverage
  • Word-of-mouth/referrals
  • Influencer content
  • Partner/co-marketing
  • Packaging/unboxing (physical products)

Moment of Truth Identification

Types of Moments of Truth

MomentDefinitionExample
Zero MoT (Google)First search/discoveryBrand appears in search results
First MoTFirst direct interactionLanding page visit, free trial signup
Second MoTProduct experienceUsing the product for the first time
Ultimate MoTSharing experienceCustomer writes review or refers a friend

Identifying YOUR Key Moments

Ask: "If we could only optimize 3 touchpoints, which would move the most customers forward?"

Score each touchpoint: Influence on conversion × Current performance gap = Priority


B2B vs B2C Journey Differences

DimensionB2CB2B
Decision makers1 (individual)3-10 (buying committee)
Journey lengthMinutes to daysWeeks to months
Emotion rolePrimary driverImportant but secondary to ROI
Content needsReviews, social proof, visualsCase studies, ROI calculators, demos
Key touchpointsAd → Landing → CheckoutContent → Demo → Proposal → Contract
Post-purchaseReview, repeat purchaseOnboarding, expansion, renewal

B2B Buying Committee Personas

Map separate journey lanes for:

  • Champion: Internal advocate, researches solutions
  • Decision Maker: Budget authority, needs ROI justification
  • Influencer: Technical evaluator, needs proof of capability
  • End User: Daily user, needs ease-of-use evidence
  • Blocker: Risk-averse stakeholder, needs security/compliance proof

Journey Visualization

Recommended Format

Stage:     [Awareness] → [Consideration] → [Decision] → [Purchase] → [Onboarding] → [Retention]
Touchpts:  [Ad, Blog]    [Demo, Email]     [Proposal]   [Checkout]   [Setup, Call]   [Product]
Actions:   [Search]      [Compare]         [Evaluate]   [Buy]        [Configure]     [Use]
Emotions:  [Curious +2]  [Hopeful +3]      [Anxious -1] [Excited +4] [Confused -2]   [Satisfied +3]
Pain Pts:  [Too many     [Hard to          [Pricing     [Form too    [Setup too       [Feature
            options]      compare]          unclear]      long]        complex]        missing]

Visualization Best Practices

  1. Use a single horizontal timeline (left to right)
  2. Color-code emotion (green for positive, red for negative)
  3. Mark critical moments of truth with callouts
  4. Include actual customer quotes where available
  5. Keep it to one page for executive consumption
  6. Create a detailed version and a summary version

Supporting file: sales-marketing-alignment.md

Sales-Marketing Alignment — SMarketing Framework & Operations

A comprehensive reference for building operational alignment between sales and marketing. Covers shared funnel definitions, service level agreements, lead handoff processes, feedback loops, RevOps implementation, and ready-to-use templates.


Shared Funnel Definitions

Every misalignment starts with marketing and sales defining the same terms differently. Lock these definitions before anything else.

Funnel Stage Definitions

StageDefinitionCriteriaOwner
VisitorAnonymous individual who reaches any owned propertyPage view or app session with no identifying infoMarketing
LeadKnown individual who has provided contact informationForm fill, signup, chat initiation, or data enrichment matchMarketing
MQL (Marketing Qualified Lead)Lead demonstrating sufficient fit + engagement to warrant sales attentionMeets lead scoring threshold (demographic fit + behavioral signals)Marketing
SQL (Sales Qualified Lead)Lead accepted by sales as worth pursuing after initial qualificationSales rep confirms budget, need, or active evaluation via first contactSales
OpportunityActive deal in pipeline with defined timeline and stakeholdersDiscovery call completed, requirements documented, decision-maker identifiedSales
CustomerClosed deal, signed contract, first payment receivedContract executed or first purchase completedSales (handoff to CS)
AdvocateCustomer who actively refers, reviews, or promotesNPS 9-10, referral given, case study participant, or public reviewCustomer Success + Marketing

Transition Triggers

TransitionTrigger EventSLA
Visitor to LeadIdentifies themselves (form, signup, chat)Instant (automated)
Lead to MQLReaches lead score thresholdWithin 1 business hour of scoring
MQL to SQLSales rep accepts and makes first contactWithin 4 business hours of MQL notification
SQL to OpportunityDiscovery call completed, confirmed fitWithin 5 business days of SQL acceptance
Opportunity to CustomerContract signed, payment processedPer sales cycle benchmarks
Customer to AdvocateAchieves success metrics + engagement signalsTriggered at 90 days post-onboarding

Service Level Agreements (SLAs)

Marketing SLA to Sales

Marketing commits to delivering a specified volume and quality of leads each period.

MetricTargetMeasurement
MQL volume[N] MQLs per month (calculated from revenue target backward)CRM/MAP MQL count
MQL quality scoreAverage lead score of [X]+ for all MQLs passedLead scoring system average
MQL-to-SQL acceptance rate> 60% of MQLs accepted by sales as SQLsCRM stage conversion
Lead data completeness100% have email, name, company; 80% have phone, title, company sizeCRM field audit
Delivery timingMQLs routed within 1 hour of qualifyingAutomation timestamp audit
Content supportSales enablement content updated monthly; new assets for each campaignContent calendar compliance

Sales SLA to Marketing

Sales commits to working every qualified lead with speed and consistency, and providing structured feedback.

MetricTargetMeasurement
Speed-to-leadFirst outreach within 4 business hours of MQL notificationCRM activity timestamp
Follow-up cadenceMinimum 6 touches over 14 days before disqualifyingSequence/cadence completion rate
Disposition every MQL100% of MQLs marked as accepted, disqualified, or recycled within 5 business daysCRM disposition audit
Disqualification feedbackReason code required for every rejected MQLCRM picklist completion
CRM hygieneAll opportunities have stage, amount, close date, and next step updated weeklyCRM data quality score
Win/loss feedbackReason recorded for every closed-won and closed-lost within 48 hoursCRM close reason field

SLA Calculation: From Revenue Target to MQL Target

Work backward from the revenue goal to determine how many MQLs marketing must deliver.

REVENUE TARGET:           $1,000,000 / quarter
AVERAGE DEAL SIZE:        $25,000
DEALS NEEDED:             40
WIN RATE:                 25%
OPPORTUNITIES NEEDED:     160
SQL-TO-OPPORTUNITY RATE:  50%
SQLs NEEDED:              320
MQL-TO-SQL RATE:          60%
MQLs NEEDED:              534 per quarter (178/month)

Lead Handoff Process

MQL Scoring Criteria

CategorySignalPoints
Demographic Fit
Title matches ICPVP, Director, C-suite in target function+20
Company size matches ICP50-500 employees (adjust to your ICP)+15
Industry matches ICPTarget verticals+10
GeographyTarget markets+5
Behavioral Signals
Pricing page visitViewed pricing page+15
Demo requestSubmitted demo/trial form+25
Content engagement (high-intent)Downloaded case study, ROI calculator, comparison guide+10 each
Content engagement (low-intent)Blog visit, social engagement+2 each
Email engagementOpened 3+ emails in 30 days+5
Repeat visits3+ sessions in 7 days+10
Negative Signals
Competitor employeeWorks at a known competitor-50
Student / personal email.edu or free email domain (if targeting enterprise)-20
UnsubscribedOpted out of email-30
No engagement in 30 daysScore decay for inactivity-5 per week

MQL threshold: 50 points (adjust based on your MQL-to-SQL acceptance rate; target 60%+ acceptance)

Routing Rules

ConditionAssignment
Enterprise (500+ employees)Enterprise AE by territory
Mid-market (50-499 employees)Mid-market AE by round-robin
SMB (< 50 employees)SDR team for qualification, then AE
Named account on target listAssigned account owner (regardless of lead score)
Partner referralPartner sales team
Existing customer (upsell signal)Account manager / CSM

Speed-to-Lead Benchmarks

Response TimeQualification Rate Impact
< 5 minutesBaseline (100% of expected conversion)
5-30 minutes80% of expected conversion
30-60 minutes60% of expected conversion
1-24 hours35% of expected conversion
> 24 hours10% of expected conversion

The data is unambiguous: leads contacted within 5 minutes are 9x more likely to convert than leads contacted after 30 minutes.

Re-Queue Conditions

ConditionAction
Sales cannot reach after 6 attempts over 14 daysReturn to marketing nurture; re-enter MQL queue if score rises again
Lead is interested but timing is wrong (6+ months out)Place in long-term nurture; set CRM reminder for re-engagement
Lead is qualified but wrong personaRoute to correct sales team/segment
Lead needs more educationReturn to marketing with specific content recommendations from sales

Feedback Loops

Sales-to-Marketing Content Requests

Request TypeTurnaround TargetFormat
Objection-handling content1 weekOne-pager, email snippet, or talk track
Competitive battlecard2 weeksStructured comparison document
Case study for specific vertical/use case3-4 weeksFull case study with customer approval
Product update positioning1 week from releaseMessaging document + email template
Event/webinar support3 weeks before eventLanding page, email sequence, social posts

Closed-Loop Reporting

For every closed deal (won or lost), track which marketing touchpoints influenced the journey:

DEAL: [Company Name]
OUTCOME: Won / Lost
DEAL SIZE: $[X]
SALES CYCLE: [X days]
LEAD SOURCE: [First touch attribution]
MARKETING TOUCHPOINTS:
  - [Date] [Touchpoint 1: e.g., Downloaded whitepaper]
  - [Date] [Touchpoint 2: e.g., Attended webinar]
  - [Date] [Touchpoint 3: e.g., Clicked email CTA]
SALES TOUCHPOINTS:
  - [Date] [Activity 1: e.g., SDR cold call]
  - [Date] [Activity 2: e.g., AE demo]
DISQUALIFICATION REASON (if lost): [Reason code + notes]
COMPETITOR (if lost): [Who they chose]
WINNING FACTOR (if won): [What tipped the decision]

Disqualification Reason Codes

CodeReasonMarketing Action
DQ-01No budgetNurture with ROI content; re-engage next fiscal year
DQ-02No authority (wrong persona)Refine targeting criteria and lead scoring
DQ-03No need (problem doesn't exist)Review content targeting; tighten ICP definition
DQ-04Bad timing (> 6 months)Long-term nurture sequence
DQ-05Competitor chosenFeed to competitive intelligence; review positioning
DQ-06Bad data (wrong contact info, spam)Audit lead sources; tighten form validation
DQ-07Too small / not ICPAdjust scoring; consider self-serve path

Shared Metrics Dashboard

Primary Alignment Metrics

MetricFormulaTargetOwner
Marketing-sourced pipelineTotal pipeline value from marketing-generated leads40-60% of total pipelineJoint
Marketing-influenced revenueClosed revenue where marketing touched the journey60-80% of total revenueJoint
Lead-to-customer rateCustomers / Total leadsIndustry-dependent (SaaS: 2-5%)Joint
MQL-to-SQL acceptance rateSQLs / MQLs> 60%Marketing quality indicator
SQL-to-opportunity rateOpportunities / SQLs> 50%Sales quality indicator
Speed-to-leadMedian time from MQL to first sales touch< 1 hourSales
Sales cycle lengthMedian days from SQL to closeBenchmark against prior quartersJoint
Average deal sizeRevenue / DealsBenchmark against prior quartersJoint
CAC by channelTotal acquisition cost / Customers by channelDecreasing quarter-over-quarterJoint

Meeting Cadence

Daily: Pipeline Standup (15 minutes)

  • Who: SDR team lead + marketing campaign manager
  • Agenda: Yesterday's MQLs delivered, today's follow-up priorities, any lead quality flags
  • Output: Real-time routing adjustments, immediate feedback on campaign quality

Weekly: Campaign Performance Review (30 minutes)

  • Who: Marketing ops + sales ops + 1 AE representative
  • Agenda: MQL volume and quality this week, campaign performance by source, lead disposition rates, content requests
  • Output: Weekly scorecard, content request queue updates

Monthly: Funnel Health Review (60 minutes)

  • Who: VP Marketing + VP Sales + RevOps
  • Agenda: Full-funnel conversion rates, SLA compliance, pipeline coverage ratio, attribution analysis, competitive intelligence debrief
  • Output: Monthly alignment report, SLA adjustments, resource allocation decisions

Quarterly: Strategic Planning (Half-day)

  • Who: CMO + CRO + RevOps + team leads
  • Agenda: Revenue target review, ICP refinement, scoring model recalibration, campaign planning, technology stack evaluation, SLA renegotiation
  • Output: Updated SLAs, next-quarter campaign calendar, ICP documentation, scoring model changes

Common Misalignment Patterns

Diagnostic Framework

SymptomMarketing SaysSales SaysRoot CauseFix
Low conversion"We generate enough leads""Leads are garbage"MQL criteria too loose; lead scoring not calibratedJoint scoring workshop; recalibrate with closed-deal data
Pipeline shortfall"We hit MQL targets""Not enough pipeline"MQLs don't convert to opportunitiesTighten demographic scoring; add intent signals
Long sales cycles"Leads are well-nurtured""Leads aren't ready to buy"Content nurture doesn't address buying objectionsMap content to buyer journey stages; include sales input on topics
High CAC"We need more budget""We need better leads, not more"Channel mix includes low-quality sourcesAnalyze CAC by channel; cut underperformers; reinvest in proven channels
Revenue miss despite volume"We delivered 120% of MQL target""Win rate dropped 15%"Quantity over quality trade-offShift MQL target to quality-weighted metric; implement MQL-to-revenue tracking

Revenue Operations (RevOps)

What RevOps Is

RevOps is a centralized function that owns the processes, technology, data, and reporting across marketing, sales, and customer success. It eliminates the operational silos that cause misalignment.

Key RevOps Responsibilities

DomainResponsibilities
ProcessFunnel stage definitions, lead routing rules, handoff processes, SLA management
TechnologyCRM, MAP, sales engagement, attribution, BI tools — unified stack governance
DataSingle source of truth for pipeline, conversion, and revenue metrics; data hygiene
ReportingShared dashboards, funnel analytics, attribution, forecasting
EnablementCross-functional process training, playbook documentation, new hire onboarding

RevOps Implementation Phases

PhaseTimelineFocus
FoundationMonths 1-2Audit current state; document existing processes; identify gaps; define funnel stages
UnificationMonths 3-4Integrate CRM + MAP; build shared dashboards; implement lead scoring; define SLAs
OptimizationMonths 5-6Launch SLA tracking; implement closed-loop reporting; establish meeting cadence
MaturityOngoingPredictive scoring; attribution modeling; revenue forecasting; continuous process improvement

Templates

SLA Document Structure

SALES-MARKETING SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT
Effective Date: [Date]
Review Cadence: Quarterly

REVENUE TARGETS:
- Quarterly revenue goal: $[X]
- Required pipeline coverage: [X]x (e.g., 3x)

MARKETING COMMITMENTS:
- MQL volume: [N] per month
- MQL quality: [X]% acceptance rate target
- Data completeness: [Standards]
- Routing speed: [Timeframe]
- Content delivery: [Cadence and response times]

SALES COMMITMENTS:
- Speed-to-lead: [Timeframe]
- Follow-up cadence: [Minimum touches]
- Disposition deadline: [Timeframe]
- CRM hygiene: [Standards]
- Feedback delivery: [Cadence]

ESCALATION PROCESS:
- SLA breach identified by: [RevOps / automated alert]
- First escalation: [Team lead, within 24 hours]
- Second escalation: [VP level, within 48 hours]

REVIEW AND AMENDMENT:
- Monthly SLA compliance review in funnel health meeting
- Quarterly renegotiation in strategic planning session
- Either party can request emergency review with 48-hour notice

SIGNATURES:
VP Marketing: _____________ Date: _______
VP Sales: _____________ Date: _______

Pipeline Review Agenda

WEEKLY PIPELINE REVIEW — [Date]

1. FUNNEL METRICS (5 min)
   - MQLs delivered this week: [N] (target: [N])
   - MQL acceptance rate: [X%] (target: 60%+)
   - Speed-to-lead median: [X hours] (target: < 4 hours)

2. DEAL INSPECTION (15 min)
   - Deals closing this month: [Review top 10 by value]
   - Stalled deals (no activity in 14+ days): [Review and assign actions]
   - Deals at risk: [Identify and discuss]

3. CAMPAIGN IMPACT (5 min)
   - Top performing campaign this week: [Campaign] — [N] MQLs at [X%] acceptance
   - Underperforming campaign: [Campaign] — [Issue and recommended action]

4. FEEDBACK LOOP (5 min)
   - Content requests from sales: [List]
   - Lead quality flags: [Specific issues]
   - Competitive intelligence: [What sales is hearing]

ACTION ITEMS:
- [Owner] [Action] [Due date]

Monthly Marketing-Sales Report

MONTHLY ALIGNMENT REPORT — [Month Year]

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
[2-3 sentences on overall alignment health]

MARKETING SLA COMPLIANCE:
| Metric              | Target  | Actual  | Status |
|---------------------|---------|---------|--------|
| MQL volume          | [N]     | [N]     | [Met/Missed] |
| MQL acceptance rate | 60%     | [X%]    | [Met/Missed] |
| Data completeness   | 80%     | [X%]    | [Met/Missed] |
| Content delivery    | On-time | [X/Y]   | [Met/Missed] |

SALES SLA COMPLIANCE:
| Metric              | Target     | Actual     | Status |
|---------------------|------------|------------|--------|
| Speed-to-lead       | < 4 hours  | [X hours]  | [Met/Missed] |
| Follow-up cadence   | 6 touches  | [X avg]    | [Met/Missed] |
| Disposition rate     | 100% in 5d | [X%]       | [Met/Missed] |
| CRM hygiene         | Weekly     | [X% compliant] | [Met/Missed] |

FUNNEL PERFORMANCE:
| Stage               | Volume | Conversion Rate | vs. Prior Month |
|---------------------|--------|-----------------|-----------------|
| Leads               | [N]    | —               | [+/- X%]        |
| MQLs                | [N]    | [X%]            | [+/- X%]        |
| SQLs                | [N]    | [X%]            | [+/- X%]        |
| Opportunities       | [N]    | [X%]            | [+/- X%]        |
| Closed-Won          | [N]    | [X%]            | [+/- X%]        |

REVENUE ATTRIBUTION:
- Marketing-sourced: $[X] ([X%] of total)
- Marketing-influenced: $[X] ([X%] of total)
- Sales-sourced: $[X] ([X%] of total)

KEY INSIGHTS:
1. [Insight with supporting data]
2. [Insight with supporting data]
3. [Insight with supporting data]

NEXT MONTH PRIORITIES:
1. [Priority + owner]
2. [Priority + owner]
3. [Priority + owner]

Supporting file: skills/context-engine/compliance-rules.md

Compliance Rules Reference

This file is the canonical compliance ruleset for the Digital Marketing Pro plugin. All marketing modules MUST check outputs against these rules before delivery. Rules are structured for programmatic consumption by the context engine.


Section 1: Geographic Privacy Laws

1.1 EU/EEA — General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

FieldDetail
RegionEuropean Union / European Economic Area (27 EU member states + Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway)
LawGeneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Year Enacted2016 (enforced May 25, 2018)
Consent ModelOpt-in. Explicit, informed, freely given, specific, and unambiguous consent required before processing personal data. Consent must be as easy to withdraw as to give. Legitimate interest may apply in narrow B2B contexts but requires a documented balancing test.
Email RulesPrior opt-in required for all marketing emails. Soft opt-in exception: existing customers may be emailed about similar products/services if given an easy opt-out at collection and in every message. Every email must include sender identity, physical address, and a functional unsubscribe mechanism honored within 30 days.
Cookie/Tracking RulesPrior consent required for all non-essential cookies and trackers (ePrivacy Directive). Cookie banners must allow granular choice (accept/reject by category). Pre-ticked boxes are invalid. Analytics cookies require consent unless strictly necessary. Server-side tracking of personal data still requires a lawful basis.
Penalty RangeUp to EUR 20 million or 4% of global annual turnover, whichever is higher. Supervisory authorities may also issue warnings, bans on processing, and orders to erase data.
Key Marketing ImpactDouble opt-in is industry standard. All lead forms need clear consent checkboxes (not bundled). Data Processing Agreements required with every martech vendor. Privacy policy must disclose all data recipients. Cross-border data transfers require adequacy decisions, SCCs, or BCRs. Right to erasure means suppression lists must be maintained. Profiling for ad targeting requires explicit consent or legitimate interest with opt-out.

1.1b EU/EEA — AI Act Article 50 (Generative AI Disclosure)

FieldDetail
RegionEuropean Union / European Economic Area
LawRegulation (EU) 2024/1689 — Artificial Intelligence Act, Article 50 (Transparency obligations for providers and deployers of certain AI systems)
Applicable2 August 2026 (transparency obligations); general-purpose AI obligations applied 2 Aug 2025; high-risk system obligations 2 Aug 2027
ScopeAll generative-AI outputs distributed in EU markets — no minimum spend threshold, advertising not exempted. Both providers (AI developers) and deployers (advertisers, brands) bear obligations.
Disclosure Requirements(a) AI-generated or AI-manipulated content must be marked in a machine-readable format using open, interoperable standards. C2PA (Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity) is the emerging backbone. Marking must be technically robust and survive routine processing. (b) Deepfakes (synthetic audio/image/video resembling real persons, objects, places, or events) must be visibly disclosed. (c) AI-generated text on matters of public interest must be disclosed unless human-reviewed and the brand assumes editorial responsibility.
Carve-outsGenuine artistic, satirical, or fictional works are narrowly exempt — applies in limited cases and does not blanket-exempt marketing.
Penalty RangeUp to EUR 15 million or 3% of global annual turnover, whichever is higher (transparency obligations). High-risk system breaches up to EUR 35M or 7%.
Key Marketing ImpactAny AI-generated ad creative, social image, AI-narrated video, or AI-written long-form copy distributed in the EU must carry machine-readable provenance metadata. Use /digital-marketing-pro:c2pa-metadata to embed a C2PA manifest in any AI-generated image / video / audio / PDF before EU publication. Deepfakes need an additional visible disclosure overlay or audio cue. AI-written editorial pieces need an "AI-assisted" byline unless the human editor assumes full editorial accountability. The pre-publish gate (/digital-marketing-pro:check) verifies C2PA presence on AI-flagged assets in EU-targeted campaigns.

1.1b.i — Article 50 draft implementing guidelines (May 2026)

The European Commission published draft implementing guidelines for Article 50 on 8 May 2026. The draft is open for public consultation until 3 June 2026; final guidelines are expected July 2026, ahead of the 2 August 2026 enforcement date. The draft clarifies the following points that brands should treat as the working interpretation today:

TopicDraft guidance (May 2026)What this means for marketing
"Substantial AI manipulation"Defined as any AI-driven change that alters meaning, identity, or factual claims of a real person, object, place, or event. Routine colour correction, framing, denoising are NOT in scope.A subject-replacement image swap = substantial manipulation (disclosure). A Lightroom-style retouch = not.
"Matters of public interest"Includes health, elections, finance, government services, public safety, and any topic where a reasonable consumer expects journalistic accuracy. Marketing copy itself is generally not in scope UNLESS it crosses into one of those topics (e.g., health claims, financial product claims).Generic product copy = no AI disclosure required. AI-generated copy making health, financial, or political claims = disclosure required unless a human editor signs off.
Machine-readable markingC2PA Content Credentials are explicitly named as a "presumption of compliance" pathway. Alternative open-standard markings allowed if technically equivalent.Continue using C2PA via /digital-marketing-pro:c2pa-metadata. Brands that ship without C2PA must show equivalent provenance — substantially more work.
Deepfake visible disclosureVisible label, watermark, or audio cue must be perceivable at normal viewing/listening distance. Hidden corner overlays in a tiny font are explicitly insufficient.If you produce a synthetic-talent ad or AI-cloned voice ad for the EU market, the disclosure must be visible from any normal viewing distance.
Editorial-responsibility carve-outHuman reviewer must (a) be identifiable, (b) have authority to alter or reject the AI output, (c) have a documented review record. A pure rubber-stamp does not satisfy the carve-out.ContentForge's Phase 7 reviewer scorecard satisfies (c) but a named human editor must still sign off and that name must be on the published piece (byline, masthead, or accessible "About this article" link).
Enforcement priorityNational regulators are expected to prioritise (1) deepfakes, (2) AI-generated political/health content, (3) AI-generated content marketed without any provenance metadata at all. Routine commercial creative with C2PA is low priority.Brands using C2PA across EU-distributed AI assets are in a strong defensive posture even before final guidelines land.

Action items for brands with EU exposure before 2 August 2026:

  1. Audit your EU AI-asset inventory now. Catalogue any AI-generated image, video, audio, deepfake-style synthetic content, and AI-written long-form copy distributed to EU users in the last 12 months. Identify which carry C2PA and which don't.
  2. File a consultation comment by 3 June 2026 if Article 50 will materially affect your operations. The Commission has explicitly asked for industry input on the "substantial manipulation" boundary and the carve-out scope. Brands in regulated sectors (health, finance, automotive, political adjacencies) should weigh in.
  3. Lock in your C2PA signing-cert procurement. See docs/c2pa-production-cert-guide.md for the four recognised authorities. Allow 2–4 weeks for Adobe Content Credentials approval — start no later than 1 July 2026.
  4. Update your Definition of Done. Any creative produced after 1 July 2026 for EU distribution should be C2PA-signed at production time, not retrofitted at publish time. The pre-publish gate (/digital-marketing-pro:check) blocks unsigned AI assets for EU-targeted campaigns.
  5. Treat the carve-out as conditional, not a free pass. "Human-reviewed" requires named accountability. Don't claim editorial responsibility unless a named editor is willing to be on the record.

1.2 United States Federal — CAN-SPAM Act

FieldDetail
RegionUnited States (federal)
LawControlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act (CAN-SPAM)
Year Enacted2003 (effective January 1, 2004; amended 2008)
Consent ModelOpt-out. No prior consent required to send commercial email. Recipients must be given a clear way to opt out, and opt-out requests must be honored within 10 business days.
Email RulesNo deceptive subject lines. "From" and "Reply-To" must accurately identify the sender. Every commercial email must include: a clear identification as an advertisement (if applicable), the sender's valid physical postal address, and a conspicuous opt-out mechanism. Purchased lists are legal but opt-out obligations still apply. Transactional emails are exempt if their primary purpose is transactional.
Cookie/Tracking RulesNo federal cookie consent law. Tracking pixels in email are legal. The FTC enforces against deceptive tracking practices under Section 5 of the FTC Act.
Penalty RangeUp to $51,744 per violation (per email). ISPs and state attorneys general may also bring actions.
Key Marketing ImpactLower bar than GDPR but strict on opt-out honoring. Affiliate and partner emails count — the brand whose product is promoted is liable. "Sender" definition includes the entity whose product is advertised. Suppression list management is critical. Header manipulation is a criminal offense.

1.3 California — CCPA / CPRA

FieldDetail
RegionCalifornia, United States
LawCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA, 2018) as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA, 2020; fully operative January 1, 2023)
Year EnactedCCPA: 2018. CPRA amendment: 2020 (enforced 2023).
Consent ModelOpt-out for sale/sharing of personal information. Opt-in required for consumers under 16 (under 13 requires parental consent). "Sharing" includes cross-context behavioral advertising.
Email RulesCAN-SPAM governs email. CCPA/CPRA layer on top: consumers can opt out of the "sale" or "sharing" of personal information used for email targeting and personalization. Honoring Global Privacy Control (GPC) signals is required.
Cookie/Tracking RulesThird-party cookies and ad pixels that share data with ad platforms constitute "sharing" under CPRA. A "Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information" link must be on the website. GPC browser signals must be honored as a valid opt-out.
Penalty Range$2,500 per unintentional violation; $7,500 per intentional violation. Private right of action for data breaches ($100–$750 per consumer per incident). Enforced by the California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA).
Key Marketing ImpactRetargeting audiences using third-party data requires opt-out mechanism. Service provider agreements needed with all martech vendors. 12-month lookback on data collection disclosures. "Sensitive personal information" (e.g., geolocation, race, health) triggers additional restrictions — limit use to what is necessary.

1.4 US State Privacy Laws (Multi-State Summary)

FieldDetail
RegionUnited States — 20+ states with enacted comprehensive privacy laws
LawsVirginia (VCDPA, 2023), Colorado (CPA, 2023), Connecticut (CTDPA, 2023), Utah (UCPA, 2023), Iowa (ICDPA, 2025), Indiana (ICDPA, 2026), Tennessee (TIPA, 2025), Montana (MCDPA, 2024), Texas (TDPSA, 2024), Oregon (OCPA, 2024), Delaware (DPDPA, 2025), New Hampshire (SB 255, 2025), New Jersey (SB 332, 2025), Nebraska (NDPA, 2025), Maryland (MODPA, 2025), Minnesota (MCDPA, 2025), Rhode Island (RIDPA, 2026), Kentucky (KCDPA, 2026), Vermont (VDPA, 2025), and others pending.
Year EnactedRolling: 2021–2026. Most operative between 2023–2026.
Consent ModelGenerally opt-out for sale of data and targeted advertising. Opt-in for sensitive data processing. Most follow the VCDPA template. Maryland and Minnesota are more restrictive (closer to GDPR's data minimization standard).
Email RulesDefer to CAN-SPAM federally. State laws add data rights (access, deletion, correction, portability) that affect CRM and email list management.
Cookie/Tracking RulesMost require opt-out rights for targeted advertising (which implicates ad cookies and pixels). Universal opt-out mechanisms (like GPC) are mandated in Colorado, Connecticut, Texas, Montana, Oregon, Delaware, and others.
Penalty RangeTypically $7,500–$10,000 per violation. Most enforced by the state Attorney General. Few have private rights of action. Cure periods (30–60 days) are common in early-enacted laws but are being removed in newer laws.
Key Marketing ImpactTreat the US as a patchwork. The safest approach is to build to the most restrictive standard (currently Maryland or CPRA) and apply nationally. Universal opt-out signal support is becoming table stakes. Data mapping is essential to know which state laws apply to which consumers.

1.5 Canada — CASL

FieldDetail
RegionCanada
LawCanada's Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL)
Year Enacted2014
Consent ModelOpt-in. Express consent required for commercial electronic messages (CEMs). Implied consent exists in limited cases: existing business relationship (within 2 years of purchase, 6 months of inquiry), conspicuous publication of address (if relevant to role), or disclosure via referral.
Email RulesEvery CEM must include: sender identification, contact information (physical and digital), and a functional unsubscribe mechanism processed within 10 business days. Consent records must be retained with proof of how and when consent was obtained. Consent requests themselves cannot contain marketing.
Cookie/Tracking RulesCASL requires consent for installation of programs on devices. Cookie consent is governed by PIPEDA (federal privacy law) — implied consent may suffice for functional/analytics cookies, but tracking for ad targeting should use express consent.
Penalty RangeUp to CAD $10 million per violation (individuals: $1 million). CRTC enforces. Private right of action was enacted but enforcement is through administrative monetary penalties.
Key Marketing ImpactOne of the strictest email laws globally. Implied consent windows are short — CRM must track consent expiry. "Conspicuous publication" is narrow and does not cover scraping. B2B cold outreach is heavily restricted. Referral/tell-a-friend programs require careful structuring.

1.6 Brazil — LGPD

FieldDetail
RegionBrazil
LawLei Geral de Protecao de Dados (LGPD)
Year Enacted2018 (enforced September 2020; penalties from August 2021)
Consent ModelOpt-in. Consent must be free, informed, and unambiguous for a specific purpose. Legitimate interest is available as an alternative basis but requires a Legitimate Interest Assessment (LIA).
Email RulesConsent or legitimate interest required. Unsubscribe must be easy and immediate. Data subjects have rights to access, correction, deletion, and portability. Marketing communications must identify the sender and purpose.
Cookie/Tracking RulesANPD (National Data Protection Authority) guidance requires consent for non-essential cookies. Cookie banners with accept/reject options are standard practice.
Penalty RangeUp to 2% of revenue in Brazil, capped at BRL 50 million (~USD 10 million) per violation. ANPD may also issue warnings, publicize violations, and block or delete data.
Key Marketing ImpactSimilar structure to GDPR but with a revenue cap specific to Brazilian operations. Data Protection Officer (DPO) appointment is mandatory. Cross-border transfers require adequacy, contractual safeguards, or consent. Portuguese-language privacy notices required.

1.7 United Kingdom — UK GDPR + PECR

FieldDetail
RegionUnited Kingdom
LawUK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) + Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations (PECR)
Year EnactedUK GDPR: 2018 (retained post-Brexit, 2021). PECR: 2003.
Consent ModelOpt-in for marketing. PECR requires prior consent for unsolicited marketing emails to individuals. Soft opt-in exception (similar to EU): existing customers can be emailed about similar products if opt-out was offered at collection and in each message. B2B exception: corporate email addresses (e.g., info@company.com (mailto:info@company.com)) may be contacted without prior consent under PECR, but UK GDPR still requires a lawful basis.
Email RulesSame structural requirements as GDPR: sender identity, physical address, unsubscribe. ICO enforces. Unsolicited B2C email without consent is a PECR violation.
Cookie/Tracking RulesPECR requires prior consent for non-essential cookies. ICO has signaled stricter enforcement. Legitimate interest is not a valid basis for ad cookies under PECR.
Penalty RangeUK GDPR: up to GBP 17.5 million or 4% of global turnover. PECR: up to GBP 500,000. ICO enforcement.
Key Marketing ImpactPost-Brexit, UK adequacy decision from the EU allows data flows, but this is subject to review. Data Protection Impact Assessments required for high-risk processing (profiling, large-scale marketing). ICO publishes direct marketing guidance — treat as binding. International transfers require UK-specific transfer mechanisms (UK SCCs, IDTA).

1.8 Australia — Privacy Act + Spam Act

FieldDetail
RegionAustralia
LawPrivacy Act 1988 (Australian Privacy Principles) + Spam Act 2003
Year EnactedPrivacy Act: 1988 (APPs added 2014). Spam Act: 2003.
Consent ModelOpt-in under the Spam Act for commercial electronic messages. Consent can be express or inferred (from an existing business relationship or conspicuous publication). The Privacy Act uses a "reasonable expectation" standard for use of personal information.
Email RulesSpam Act requires: consent (express or inferred), accurate sender identification, functional unsubscribe honored within 5 business days. Address harvesting and list selling are prohibited.
Cookie/Tracking RulesNo specific cookie consent law currently. The Privacy Act requires transparency about data collection. The government's Privacy Act Review (2023–2025) is expected to introduce stronger consent requirements for tracking — monitor for changes.
Penalty RangeSpam Act: up to AUD 2.22 million per day for body corporates. Privacy Act: up to AUD 50 million, 3x the benefit obtained, or 30% of adjusted turnover (whichever is greater) following 2022 amendments. ACMA and OAIC enforce.
Key Marketing ImpactSpam Act prohibits address harvesting software and purchased scraped lists. Inferred consent from business relationships is relatively broad but must be documented. The Privacy Act's 2022 penalty increase makes Australia a high-consequence jurisdiction. Cross-border disclosure to overseas recipients requires reasonable steps to ensure compliance.

1.9 Singapore — PDPA

FieldDetail
RegionSingapore
LawPersonal Data Protection Act (PDPA)
Year Enacted2012 (significant amendments 2021)
Consent ModelOpt-in for marketing. Deemed consent applies in limited situations (e.g., voluntarily providing data for a clear purpose). 2021 amendments added "legitimate interest" and "business improvement" exceptions.
Email RulesDo Not Call (DNC) Registry: mandatory to check before sending marketing messages to Singapore numbers/addresses. Opt-out must be free and processed within 10 business days. Sender must be identified.
Cookie/Tracking RulesNo specific cookie consent law. PDPA's consent obligation applies if cookies collect personal data. PDPC advisory guidelines recommend transparency and consent for tracking.
Penalty RangeUp to SGD 1 million or 10% of annual turnover in Singapore (whichever is higher, following 2021 amendments). PDPC enforces.
Key Marketing ImpactDNC Registry check is mandatory and unique to Singapore — scrub all contact lists. Data breach notification mandatory within 3 days. Data Protection Officers must be appointed. Consent withdrawal must be easy. Cross-border transfers require comparable protection.

1.10 China — PIPL

FieldDetail
RegionPeople's Republic of China
LawPersonal Information Protection Law (PIPL)
Year Enacted2021 (effective November 1, 2021)
Consent ModelOpt-in. Separate consent required for: sensitive personal information, cross-border transfers, public disclosure, and processing by third parties. Consent must be informed, voluntary, and explicit.
Email RulesMarketing requires consent. Individuals have the right to refuse and withdraw. All processing purposes must be disclosed. No specific email-format statute like CAN-SPAM, but general consent and transparency obligations apply.
Cookie/Tracking RulesConsent required for collection of personal information via cookies and trackers. Automated decision-making (algorithmic recommendations, targeted ads) must offer an opt-out and a non-personalized alternative.
Penalty RangeUp to RMB 50 million (~USD 7 million) or 5% of prior year's revenue. Responsible individuals can be fined up to RMB 1 million and banned from serving as directors/officers. CAC (Cyberspace Administration of China) enforces.
Key Marketing ImpactData localization: personal information of Chinese residents must be stored in China unless a security assessment, standard contract, or certification is completed for cross-border transfer. Separate consent for each purpose. Personal Information Protection Impact Assessments required for sensitive data, automated decision-making, and cross-border transfers. Local DPO or representative required if processing from outside China.

1.11 India — DPDPA

FieldDetail
RegionIndia
LawDigital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023, operationalised by the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules 2025 (notified by MeitY 3 Jan 2025; phased commencement through 2025-2026).
Year Enacted2023 (Rules 2025 finalised; consult MeitY notification for the phase-by-phase commencement schedule before designing for India).
Consent ModelOpt-in. Consent must be free, specific, informed, unconditional, and unambiguous, and must be requested in clear, plain language. Notice must accompany or precede the consent request (Rule 3). "Deemed consent" was removed in the 2023 Act and replaced with "Certain Legitimate Uses" (Section 7) — narrower than the 2022 draft.
Email RulesMarketing requires verifiable consent. Withdrawal must be as easy as giving consent. The Consent Manager framework (registered entities that intermediate consent on behalf of Data Principals) is now live under Rule 4 — Data Fiduciaries handling material volumes should integrate with at least one registered Consent Manager.
Cookie/Tracking RulesCookie / SDK-based tracking that identifies a Data Principal is processing of personal data and requires DPDPA-compliant consent. The Rules do not carve out cookies; rely on the general processing-with-consent obligation. EU-style banner UX is the safest pattern.
Penalty RangeUp to INR 250 crore (~USD 30 million) per instance of non-compliance. No percentage-of-revenue calculation. The Data Protection Board of India (constituted under Rule 16 et seq) enforces and adjudicates.
Key Marketing ImpactChildren's data (under 18) requires verifiable parental consent, and the Act prohibits targeted advertising and behavioural tracking directed at children — design age-gating and parental-consent flows before launching India campaigns to under-18 audiences. Cross-border transfers are permitted by default; Government may notify restricted countries by gazette (none broadly restricted as of May 2026 — verify before launch). Significant Data Fiduciaries (designated by the Government based on volume / sensitivity / risk) carry additional obligations: appoint an India-resident Data Protection Officer, conduct annual Data Protection Impact Assessments, and undergo periodic audits. Breach notification to the Board and affected Data Principals is mandatory without delay (Rule 7).

1.12 Japan — APPI

FieldDetail
RegionJapan
LawAct on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI)
Year Enacted2003 (major amendments 2017, 2022)
Consent ModelOpt-in for provision to third parties and for use beyond the stated purpose. Opt-out mechanism available for third-party provision if registered with the PPC (Personal Information Protection Commission). 2022 amendments tightened opt-out rules and expanded individual rights.
Email RulesSpecified Electronic Mail Act: opt-in required for commercial email. Sender ID and unsubscribe required. APPI requires specifying the purpose of use at collection.
Cookie/Tracking Rules2022 amendments: "individually referable information" (e.g., cookie IDs that can be linked to personal info by a recipient) requires consent when provided to third parties. Cookie walls are discouraged.
Penalty RangeCriminal penalties for certain violations (up to JPY 100 million for corporations). PPC can issue orders and recommendations. Reputational enforcement is significant in Japan. 2022 amendments increased penalties.
Key Marketing ImpactJapan has an EU adequacy decision (mutual), facilitating EU-Japan data flows. Pseudonymized data has a specific legal regime — can be used for internal analytics without consent but cannot be provided to third parties. Breach notification to PPC and affected individuals is mandatory. "Individually referable information" concept means cookie syncing and DMP practices need consent.

1.13 South Korea — PIPA

FieldDetail
RegionSouth Korea
LawPersonal Information Protection Act (PIPA)
Year Enacted2011 (major amendments 2023, effective 2024)
Consent ModelOpt-in. Among the strictest globally. Consent must be separate from other terms, clearly distinguishable, and specific. Separate consent required for: collection, use, third-party provision, and cross-border transfer.
Email RulesOpt-in required. The Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization governs electronic marketing — consent must be verifiable, and opt-out must be honored immediately. Nighttime marketing (9 PM–8 AM) is restricted.
Cookie/Tracking Rules2023 amendments introduced a framework for pseudonymized data and behavioral advertising. Consent required for tracking that constitutes personal information processing. Online behavioral advertising requires notice and opt-out.
Penalty RangeUp to 3% of relevant revenue or KRW 600 million. Criminal penalties possible (up to 5 years imprisonment). PIPC (Personal Information Protection Commission) enforces.
Key Marketing ImpactVery granular consent requirements — separate checkboxes for each purpose and each third-party recipient. Nighttime contact restrictions are unique and must be coded into send-time logic. Resident Registration Numbers are highly restricted. 2023 amendments expanded extraterritorial reach and data subject rights. Cross-border transfer rules tightened.

1.14 Saudi Arabia — PDPL

FieldDetail
RegionKingdom of Saudi Arabia
LawPersonal Data Protection Law (PDPL)
Year Enacted2021 (implementing regulations 2023; grace period until September 2024)
Consent ModelOpt-in. Consent must be explicit, informed, and freely given. Legitimate interest basis available but narrow. Sensitive data (health, financial, location, biometric, religious/ethnic data) requires explicit consent.
Email RulesMarketing requires consent. Data subjects must be informed of the purpose before collection. Right to object to direct marketing.
Cookie/Tracking RulesGeneral consent obligation applies to collection of personal data via cookies. Specific cookie regulations expected as implementing rules evolve.
Penalty RangeUp to SAR 5 million (~USD 1.3 million). Criminal penalties for unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data (up to 2 years imprisonment). SDAIA (Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority) and NCC enforce.
Key Marketing ImpactData localization: personal data of Saudi residents must be stored and processed in Saudi Arabia unless transfer conditions are met (adequacy, appropriate safeguards, or consent with risk disclosure). Arabic-language privacy notices likely required. DPO appointment required for certain controllers. Data breach notification within 72 hours.

1.15 UAE — Federal Decree-Law No. 45

FieldDetail
RegionUnited Arab Emirates (federal, outside free zones)
LawFederal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 on the Protection of Personal Data
Year Enacted2021 (implementing regulations issued 2023–2024)
Consent ModelOpt-in. Consent must be clear, specific, informed, and unambiguous. Legitimate interest basis available. Sensitive data requires explicit consent.
Email RulesMarketing requires consent or a legitimate interest basis. Right to object to direct marketing at any time. Free zone regulations (DIFC, ADGM) have their own data protection laws that may apply instead.
Cookie/Tracking RulesGeneral consent obligation for personal data processing extends to cookies and tracking. Await implementing regulations for specifics.
Penalty RangeUp to AED 20 million (~USD 5.4 million). UAE Data Office enforces. DIFC Commissioner and ADGM have separate penalty regimes for free zone entities.
Key Marketing ImpactThree overlapping regimes: federal law, DIFC (own law modeled on GDPR), and ADGM (own regulations). Determine which applies based on entity registration and data subject location. Cross-border transfer requires adequacy, contractual safeguards, or consent. Arabic-language notices advisable. Free zone entities should follow zone-specific rules which may be stricter.

1.16 Thailand — PDPA

FieldDetail
RegionThailand
LawPersonal Data Protection Act (PDPA)
Year Enacted2019 (fully enforced June 1, 2022)
Consent ModelOpt-in. Consent must be freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous. Legitimate interest available as an alternative basis. Explicit consent required for sensitive data. Consent must be as easy to withdraw as to give.
Email RulesDirect marketing requires consent or legitimate interest with opt-out. Right to object to marketing at any time. Sender identification required.
Cookie/Tracking RulesConsent required for non-essential cookies. Thailand PDPA Committee guidance recommends cookie banners with granular choice. Functional and strictly necessary cookies may rely on legitimate interest.
Penalty RangeAdministrative fines up to THB 5 million (~USD 140,000). Criminal penalties up to THB 1 million and/or 1 year imprisonment for certain violations. Punitive damages up to 2x actual damages in civil cases. PDPA Committee and Expert Committee enforce.
Key Marketing ImpactStructure is very similar to GDPR. DPO required for certain controllers. Data breach notification within 72 hours. Cross-border transfers require adequacy, appropriate safeguards, or consent. Thai-language privacy notices for Thai data subjects. Record of processing activities required.

Section 2: Industry-Specific Regulations

2.1 Healthcare — HIPAA / FDA

FieldDetail
IndustryHealthcare, Health Services, Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices
RegulationHIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 1996); FDA regulations on drug/device advertising (21 CFR Parts 202, 801, 812)
Regulatory BodyHHS (Office for Civil Rights) for HIPAA; FDA for drug/device advertising; FTC for general health claims
Prohibited ClaimsNo claims of cure, treatment, prevention, or diagnosis unless FDA-approved for that indication. No off-label promotion. No misleading efficacy statistics. No patient testimonials implying guaranteed outcomes.
Required DisclaimersRx drug ads: fair balance of risk/benefit information, major side effects, contraindications. DTC ads: "Ask your doctor" language, brief summary or adequate provision. Medical device ads: intended use, material risks.
Marketing RestrictionsPHI (Protected Health Information) cannot be used for marketing without HIPAA-compliant authorization. Treatment communications and healthcare operations are exceptions. Business Associate Agreements required with all martech vendors touching PHI. Patient testimonials require written authorization and cannot guarantee outcomes.
Auto-Applied RulesFlag any health outcome claims. Require "consult your healthcare provider" disclaimer. Block PHI in ad copy, landing pages, and email personalization. Require fair balance when mentioning Rx products. Flag superlatives ("best," "safest," "most effective") in health contexts.

2.2 Finance — SEC / FINRA

FieldDetail
IndustryFinancial Services, Banking, Investment, Insurance, Cryptocurrency
RegulationSEC Rule 206(4)-1 (Marketing Rule, 2022); FINRA Rules 2210, 2241; TILA (Truth in Lending); UDAP/UDAAP
Regulatory BodySEC, FINRA, CFPB, OCC, State regulators
Prohibited ClaimsNo guarantees of investment returns. No promissory statements ("you will earn"). No cherry-picked performance without full context. No testimonials/endorsements without required disclosures (SEC Marketing Rule). No misleading use of "guaranteed" or "risk-free" for investments.
Required Disclaimers"Past performance is not indicative of future results." APR disclosure for credit products (TILA). FDIC/SIPC membership disclosures where applicable. Material risks of investment. Fees and expenses disclosure. "Not FDIC insured, may lose value" for non-deposit products.
Marketing RestrictionsPerformance advertising must show net-of-fee returns, 1/5/10-year or since-inception periods, and benchmark comparison. Hypothetical performance requires extensive disclaimers and cannot be shown in mass-market ads (SEC Marketing Rule). Crypto marketing: no implication of government backing, must disclose volatility risks. Pre-approval/review required by compliance department for all communications.
Auto-Applied RulesFlag return claims, guarantee language, and "risk-free" terminology. Require performance disclaimer on any content mentioning returns. Flag testimonials and require SEC-compliant disclosure. Block hyperbolic claims ("best returns," "guaranteed income"). Require APR disclosure near any credit/loan rate mention.

2.3 Legal — Bar Association Rules

FieldDetail
IndustryLegal Services, Law Firms, Legal Tech
RegulationABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct (Rules 7.1–7.3); State bar advertising rules (vary by state)
Regulatory BodyState bar associations, State supreme courts
Prohibited ClaimsNo guarantees of case outcomes. No misleading comparisons with other lawyers. No claims of specialization unless certified by an approved organization. No implication of results in future cases based on past results.
Required DisclaimersMany states require: "Advertising Material" label on solicitation. Past results disclaimer ("Past results do not guarantee future outcomes"). Fee basis disclosure. Office location disclosure. State-specific required language varies significantly.
Marketing RestrictionsDirect solicitation restrictions (no in-person solicitation for profit in most states). Some states require pre-filing of ads with the bar. Testimonials and endorsements must be truthful and not misleading. Dramatizations must be labeled. Use of "specialist" or "expert" restricted in most states.
Auto-Applied RulesFlag outcome guarantees and success rate claims. Require "results may vary" / "past results do not guarantee future outcomes." Flag "specialist" / "expert" claims and require certification disclosure. Flag direct solicitation language. Require jurisdiction identification.

2.4 Alcohol — TTB

FieldDetail
IndustryAlcoholic Beverages (beer, wine, spirits)
RegulationFederal Alcohol Administration Act; TTB regulations (27 CFR Parts 4, 5, 7); State ABC laws
Regulatory BodyTTB (Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau); State Alcohol Beverage Control boards
Prohibited ClaimsNo health claims ("good for you," "heart-healthy"). No claims of intoxicating effect as a selling point. No targeting or appeal to minors. No false origin claims. No disparagement of competitors. No government endorsement implication.
Required DisclaimersMandatory health warning on labels (Surgeon General's warning). Responsible drinking messaging encouraged/required by industry codes. ABV and origin disclosures on labels and in many ad formats.
Marketing RestrictionsAge-gating required on digital platforms (70% adult audience threshold for ad placement per industry codes). No use of cartoon characters, Santa Claus, or imagery appealing to minors. Platform-specific age restrictions apply. State-by-state rules on promotions, contests, and tied-house restrictions.
Auto-Applied RulesRequire age-gate on landing pages and social content. Flag health benefit claims. Require responsible drinking language ("Drink Responsibly," "21+ only"). Block content that appeals to minors (cartoons, child-associated imagery, school settings). Flag claims about intoxication level or speed.

2.5 Cannabis — State Laws

FieldDetail
IndustryCannabis, CBD, Hemp Products
RegulationNo federal legalization (Schedule I under CSA); state-by-state licensing and advertising laws; 2018 Farm Bill (hemp/CBD)
Regulatory BodyState cannabis regulatory agencies; FDA (for CBD ingestibles); FTC (for advertising claims)
Prohibited ClaimsNo medical/health claims for cannabis or CBD unless FDA-approved (only Epidiolex as of 2025). No claims targeting minors. No false potency or composition claims. No "FDA approved" language.
Required DisclaimersState-specific warnings (e.g., California Prop 65, Colorado THC warnings). "For use only by adults 21+" (or state-specific age). "Keep out of reach of children." Many states require license number in advertising.
Marketing RestrictionsMost states prohibit: billboards near schools, advertising on platforms with less than 71.6% adult audience, cartoon characters, lifestyle imagery suggesting safety. Some states require pre-approval of ads. Digital advertising severely restricted — most major platforms (Google, Meta, Amazon) prohibit paid cannabis ads. Email marketing is primary channel but must comply with state opt-in rules.
Auto-Applied RulesBlock all health/medical claims. Require 21+ age disclaimer. Require state-specific warning language. Flag any content that could appeal to minors. Block from major paid ad platforms. Flag cross-state marketing (different rules per state). Require license number disclosure.

2.6 Real Estate — Fair Housing Act

FieldDetail
IndustryReal Estate, Property Management, Mortgage, Rental
RegulationFair Housing Act (FHA); HUD advertising guidelines; State fair housing laws; Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) for lending
Regulatory BodyHUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development); State fair housing agencies; CFPB (for lending)
Prohibited ClaimsNo statements indicating preference, limitation, or discrimination based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex (including gender identity and sexual orientation per HUD 2021), familial status, or disability.
Required DisclaimersEqual Housing Opportunity logo or statement in all advertising. ECOA disclosures for mortgage marketing. State-specific fair housing language.
Marketing RestrictionsAd targeting cannot exclude protected classes (see Meta's Special Ad Category, Google's Housing category restrictions). Words/phrases to avoid: "exclusive neighborhood," "family-friendly" (implies no children preference), "walking distance to church" (religious preference), "master bedroom" (being phased out). Images must reflect diversity. HUD advertising guidelines provide detailed word lists. Digital ad targeting restrictions apply on all major platforms.
Auto-Applied RulesFlag protected-class language (race, religion, familial status, disability references as preference). Require Equal Housing Opportunity statement. Flag exclusionary targeting criteria. Flag phrases from HUD's discriminatory language list. Require Special Ad Category selection on Meta/Google. Block demographic exclusion in audience targeting.

2.7 Education — FERPA

FieldDetail
IndustryEducation, EdTech, Student Services
RegulationFERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act); FTC Act (for marketing claims); State education privacy laws; COPPA (if under 13)
Regulatory BodyDepartment of Education (SPPO); FTC; State AGs
Prohibited ClaimsNo guaranteed employment outcomes unless substantiated. No misleading graduation rate claims. No false accreditation claims. Gainful Employment Rule requires outcome disclosures for certain programs.
Required DisclaimersAccreditation status and type. Outcome disclosures (graduation rates, median debt, employment rates) for vocational programs. Financial aid disclosures. Net price calculator requirement for Title IV institutions.
Marketing RestrictionsStudent education records (grades, enrollment, financial aid) cannot be used for marketing without consent. Directory information can be disclosed but students can opt out. EdTech vendors must limit data use to educational purposes. Incentive compensation ban: cannot pay recruiters based on enrollment numbers.
Auto-Applied RulesFlag employment/salary guarantee claims. Require accreditation disclosure. Block use of student records for marketing personalization without consent. Flag "guaranteed job placement" language. Require outcome statistic sourcing. Flag incentive-based recruitment language.

2.8 Children's Products — COPPA

FieldDetail
IndustryProducts/Services Directed at Children Under 13 (and under 16/18 in some jurisdictions)
RegulationCOPPA (Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, 1998; updated rule 2013; proposed amendments 2024); FTC Act; State laws (e.g., California Age-Appropriate Design Code)
Regulatory BodyFTC; State AGs; International equivalents (UK ICO Age Appropriate Design Code)
Prohibited ClaimsNo deceptive advertising to children. No pressure tactics or urgency manipulation ("buy now before it's gone") directed at children. No blurring of content and advertising (e.g., advergames without clear disclosure).
Required DisclaimersClear "Ad" or "Sponsored" labeling in content directed at children. Parental consent disclosures for data collection.
Marketing RestrictionsVerifiable parental consent (VPC) required before collecting personal info from children under 13. No behavioral advertising targeting children. No push notifications to children encouraging purchases. No collection of geolocation data from children without parental consent. Platforms directed at children must have robust age verification. CARU (Children's Advertising Review Unit) self-regulatory guidelines apply.
Auto-Applied RulesFlag any content targeting users under 13 and require COPPA compliance review. Block behavioral ad targeting for children's audiences. Require parental consent mechanisms for data collection. Flag manipulative design patterns (dark patterns) in children's contexts. Block geolocation collection for child-directed services. Flag influencer content targeting children without clear ad disclosure.

2.9 Supplements — FDA / FTC

FieldDetail
IndustryDietary Supplements, Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods
RegulationDSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, 1994); FTC Act Section 5; FDA 21 CFR Part 101 (labeling); FTC Health Products Compliance Guidance
Regulatory BodyFDA (labeling, safety, manufacturing); FTC (advertising claims)
Prohibited ClaimsNo disease claims ("cures cancer," "treats diabetes") — these make the product an unapproved drug. No claims without competent and reliable scientific evidence. No misrepresentation of clinical studies. No before/after photos implying guaranteed results without typicality disclosure.
Required DisclaimersStructure/function claims require: "This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease." Testimonials must disclose typical results if atypical results are presented.
Marketing RestrictionsClaims must be truthful, non-misleading, and substantiated. FTC requires "competent and reliable scientific evidence" (generally, at least one well-designed human clinical trial). Structure/function claims are permitted (e.g., "supports immune health") but disease claims are not. Celebrity/influencer endorsements must reflect honest experience and disclose material connections.
Auto-Applied RulesFlag any disease claim (diagnose, treat, cure, prevent). Auto-insert FDA disclaimer on structure/function claims. Flag unsubstantiated efficacy claims. Require "results not typical" disclosure for testimonials with specific outcomes. Flag "clinically proven" unless backed by published peer-reviewed study. Block "FDA approved" language (supplements are not FDA-approved).

2.10 Tech / SaaS — SOC 2 / GDPR Processor Rules

FieldDetail
IndustrySoftware, SaaS, Cloud Services, Technology
RegulationSOC 2 (AICPA Trust Services Criteria); GDPR Article 28 (processor obligations); ISO 27001; Industry-specific (HIPAA for health tech, PCI DSS for payment tech)
Regulatory BodyNo single regulator. AICPA (SOC 2 framework); EU/UK DPAs (GDPR processor rules); Contractual obligations from enterprise customers
Prohibited ClaimsNo false security claims ("unhackable," "100% secure"). No misleading uptime guarantees without SLA terms. No "GDPR compliant" or "SOC 2 certified" claims unless accurate and current. No misrepresentation of data handling practices.
Required DisclaimersSLA terms and limitations. Data processing location disclosure. Sub-processor disclosure. Incident notification commitments. Certification scope limitations (SOC 2 Type I vs Type II, ISO 27001 scope).
Marketing RestrictionsSecurity certifications must be accurately represented (SOC 2 Type II report covers a period, not a point in time). GDPR processor status requires a Data Processing Agreement with every customer. Marketing customer logos may require permission. Case study publication typically requires written customer approval. Competitive claims must be substantiated.
Auto-Applied RulesFlag "100% secure," "unhackable," "guaranteed uptime" claims. Require SLA reference when mentioning uptime percentages. Flag certification claims and verify accuracy (SOC 2 Type I vs II, ISO 27001 scope). Require DPA availability mention in B2B marketing to EU audiences. Flag customer logos/names and verify permission. Flag competitive comparison claims and require substantiation.

Section 3: FTC Advertising Rules

3.1 FTC Endorsement Guides (Revised 2023)

RuleRequirement
Material Connection DisclosureAny material connection between an endorser and the brand must be clearly and conspicuously disclosed. Material connections include: payment, free products, employment, family relationships, business partnerships, equity stakes, and affiliate commissions.
PlacementDisclosures must be in the same medium as the endorsement, unavoidable by the audience, and in clear language. For social media: within the post text (not hidden in hashtag strings), visible without clicking "more," and in the first lines of a caption. For video: spoken and in text overlay, not just in the description.
Required LanguageUse clear terms: "#ad," "#sponsored," "Paid partnership with [Brand]." Ambiguous terms are insufficient: "#ambassador," "#collab," "#partner" alone do not meet FTC standards. Platform-specific disclosure tools (e.g., "Paid Partnership" tags) are helpful but may not be sufficient alone — a text disclosure is still recommended.
Endorser LiabilityBoth the brand AND the endorser can be held liable for non-disclosure. Brands must have reasonable monitoring programs for endorser compliance. Written agreements should include disclosure requirements.
Honest OpinionEndorsements must reflect the honest opinion or experience of the endorser. Endorsers must have actually used the product/service. Scripts that misrepresent the endorser's experience violate FTC rules.
Celebrity/Expert EndorsementsExpert endorsers must have genuine expertise in the field. Celebrity endorsers must actually use the product. Expertise claims must be truthful. AI-generated or deepfake "endorsements" of real people without consent are deceptive.

3.2 FTC Consumer Review Fairness and Rule on Fake Reviews (2024)

RuleRequirement
Fake Reviews BanBusinesses may not create, buy, sell, or disseminate fake consumer reviews, testimonials, or celebrity endorsements. This includes reviews by employees or insiders not disclosing their connection.
AI-Generated ReviewsAI-generated reviews presented as human experiences are prohibited. AI-assisted review solicitation is permitted if the review reflects the genuine customer's experience.
Review SuppressionBusinesses may not use unfounded legal threats, contract terms, or other means to suppress negative reviews. Filtering out only negative reviews while publishing positive ones is deceptive.
Review ManipulationBuying positive reviews, incentivizing only positive reviews, or manipulating review platforms to boost ratings is prohibited. Soliciting reviews generally is permitted as long as the solicitation is not conditional on a positive review.
PenaltyCivil penalties up to $51,744 per violation. Applies to businesses, review brokers, and platforms that knowingly facilitate fake reviews.

3.3 Influencer Disclosure Requirements

RequirementDetail
When to DiscloseAny time there is a material connection between the influencer and the brand — even for gifted products, affiliate links, or business relationships.
How to DiscloseClear, unambiguous language at the beginning of the content. "#ad" at the start of social posts, spoken disclosure at the beginning of videos, and visible text in image posts. Must be understandable in the language of the audience.
Platform-SpecificInstagram/TikTok: "#ad" in first line + platform partnership label. YouTube: spoken + text in video + description box. Podcasts: spoken disclosure in the episode (not just show notes). Blog/newsletter: clear disclosure at the top of the post.
Brand ResponsibilityBrands must: (1) clearly inform influencers of disclosure requirements in contracts, (2) monitor compliance, (3) take action when violations are found. A contractual clause alone is insufficient — active monitoring is required.

3.4 AI-Generated Content Disclosure

RequirementDetail
FTC PositionAI-generated content that could be mistaken for human-created content must be disclosed. This includes AI-generated images, text, voices, and video used in marketing.
DeepfakesUsing AI to create realistic depictions of real people without their consent is deceptive. AI-generated endorsements by fabricated "people" must be disclosed as AI-generated.
AI in ReviewsAI-generated reviews are fake reviews under FTC rules. AI tools may assist humans in writing reviews, but the review must reflect genuine experience.
Best PracticeDisclose AI involvement in content creation when a reasonable consumer would consider it material. Label AI-generated imagery clearly. Do not use AI voices mimicking real individuals without consent and disclosure.

3.5 Testimonial Rules

RuleDetail
TypicalityIf a testimonial describes results that are not typical, the ad must clearly disclose what results consumers can generally expect. "Results not typical" alone is insufficient — must state typical results.
TruthfulnessTestimonials must reflect honest, genuine experiences. Cannot be fabricated, materially altered, or taken out of context.
SubstantiationClaims made through testimonials are treated as claims by the advertiser and must be substantiated.
Expert EndorsementsMust be supported by an actual examination, testing, or evaluation by the expert. The expert must have qualifications in the relevant field.

3.6 FTC Penalty Structure

Violation TypePenalty Range
Section 5 (Unfair or Deceptive Acts)Consent orders, cease and desist, corrective advertising. No direct fines for first-time Section 5 violations, but violation of a consent order: up to $51,744 per violation.
Penalty Offense AuthorityFTC can seek civil penalties from companies that had prior notice that conduct is unlawful (via prior FTC cases). Up to $51,744 per violation.
Fake Reviews Rule (2024)Civil penalties up to $51,744 per violation.
COPPA ViolationsUp to $51,744 per violation.
Restitution/DisgorgementFTC can seek consumer redress through federal courts. AMG Capital Management v. FTC (2021) limited FTC's Section 13(b) authority, but Congress is working to restore it.

Section 4: Platform-Specific Ad Policies

4.1 Google Ads

CategoryPolicy Summary
Prohibited ContentCounterfeit goods, dangerous products, enabling dishonest behavior, inappropriate content, malware, weapons, tobacco, recreational drugs (including CBD in most regions).
Prohibited PracticesAbusing the ad network, data collection without disclosure, misrepresentation, cloaking (showing different content to reviewers vs. users), manipulating ad auction.
Restricted CategoriesAlcohol (age/country restrictions), gambling (license required), healthcare/medicine (varies by country, FDA approval needed in US), financial services (must comply with local law, no deceptive claims), political advertising (verification required), adult content (limited placements).
Healthcare SpecificsRx drug ads: US only (with caveats), must comply with FDA. Online pharmacy ads: VIPPS/CIPA certification required. Unapproved substances and supplements with drug claims are prohibited. Clinical trial recruitment has specific rules.
AI/Automated AdsPerformance Max and AI-generated creative must still comply with all policies. Advertisers are responsible for AI-generated ad content.
Housing/Employment/CreditSpecial restrictions on targeting (no age, gender, zip code, or parental status targeting). Similar to Meta Special Ad Categories.

4.2 Meta Ads (Facebook / Instagram)

CategoryPolicy Summary
Prohibited ContentIllegal products, tobacco, drugs, unsafe supplements, weapons, surveillance equipment, payday loans (in many regions), multi-level marketing (restricted), before/after images for health/cosmetic products.
Special Ad CategoriesCredit, Employment, Housing, Social Issues/Elections/Politics. These categories have restricted targeting: no age, gender, zip code, or interest-based exclusions. Must declare category before ad creation. Lookalike audiences replaced with Special Ad Audiences.
Health & WellnessNo before/after images. No claims implying personal attributes ("Are you overweight?"). No idealized body imagery. Weight loss claims require disclaimers. Supplements cannot make drug claims.
Financial ProductsCrypto ads require written approval. Financial services must comply with local licensing. No misleading income claims. "Get rich quick" content is prohibited.
Data & TargetingCustom Audiences must be based on consented data. No targeting sensitive categories (health conditions, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation) — even via proxy targeting. Lead form data must comply with Platform Terms and advertiser's privacy policy.
Content QualityNo clickbait, sensationalism, or engagement bait. No misleading buttons or UI elements. Landing page must match ad content. No excessive text in images (guideline, not hard rule).

4.3 LinkedIn Ads

CategoryPolicy Summary
Prohibited ContentIllegal products, weapons, tobacco, recreational drugs, adult content, counterfeit goods, spyware/malware, deceptive offers.
Professional StandardsContent must be appropriate for a professional audience. No vulgar or offensive content. No political or religious advertising (with limited country exceptions for political ads).
B2B SpecificsJob ads must comply with employment law (no discriminatory targeting or language). Financial claims must be substantiated. No misleading job opportunity claims. Salary claims must be verifiable.
Targeting RestrictionsNo targeting by age, gender, or ethnicity for employment, housing, education, or credit ads. Sensitive category targeting (health, political, religious) is restricted.
Lead GenerationLead Gen Forms must link to a privacy policy. Data collected must be used consistent with advertiser's stated purpose. Auto-fill data is shared with advertiser — users must consent.

4.4 TikTok Ads

CategoryPolicy Summary
Prohibited ContentIllegal products, weapons, tobacco, drugs, dangerous challenges, animal products from endangered species, adult content, counterfeit goods, political advertising (banned globally).
Age SensitivityPlatform skews young — extra scrutiny on age-gating for alcohol, gambling, and finance. No ads directed at users under 13. Ads for age-restricted products must use age-gate targeting.
Health & BeautyNo extreme weight loss claims. No before/after images implying guaranteed results. No misleading beauty claims. Supplement ads must comply with local regulations.
Financial ServicesCrypto advertising highly restricted or banned (varies by country). Financial products require licensing disclosure. No "get rich quick" or income guarantee content.
Content StandardsAds must not impersonate news content or government announcements. No deepfakes or manipulated media of real people. Branded content must use the Branded Content toggle. Spark Ads (boosting organic content) must comply with all ad policies.

4.5 Amazon Ads

CategoryPolicy Summary
Prohibited ContentIllegal products, tobacco, weapons, offensive content, false claims, competitive disparagement, political advertising.
Product SpecificsClaims must match product listing. No inconsistency between ad and product detail page. Star ratings must be accurate and current. No "best seller" claims unless backed by Amazon data.
Health & SupplementsSupplement ads cannot make disease claims. Must include required FDA disclaimer. No unapproved health claims. OTC drug ads must comply with FDA requirements.
Restricted CategoriesAlcohol (limited, marketplace-specific). CBD (prohibited in most regions). Gambling (prohibited). Financial services (restricted). Academic paper writing services (prohibited).
Creative StandardsNo custom "add to cart" buttons or fake interactive elements. No pressure tactics ("only 2 left" in ad creative). Mobile-friendly creative required. No blurry or pixelated images. Logos must not mimic Amazon branding.

Section 5: Accessibility Requirements

5.1 WCAG 2.2 AA — Marketing Content Requirements

CriterionRequirementMarketing Application
1.1.1 Non-text ContentAll non-text content has a text alternative serving the equivalent purpose.All marketing images, infographics, charts, and icons require meaningful alt text. Decorative images use empty alt (alt=""). CTA buttons in images must have alt text describing the action.
1.2.1 Audio/Video (Prerecorded)Provide alternatives for time-based media.Marketing videos require captions. Podcasts require transcripts. Webinar recordings need both captions and descriptive audio where visual-only info is presented.
1.2.2 Captions (Prerecorded)Captions for all prerecorded audio in synchronized media.All video ads, social media videos, and embedded video content must have accurate captions — not auto-generated without review.
1.2.5 Audio Description (Prerecorded)Audio description for prerecorded video content (AA).Marketing videos where visual-only content conveys key information need audio description tracks (e.g., product demos, tutorials).
1.3.1 Info and RelationshipsStructure and relationships conveyed through presentation are programmatically determinable.Email templates must use semantic HTML (headings, lists, tables with headers). Landing pages must use proper heading hierarchy. Forms must have associated labels.
1.3.2 Meaningful SequenceContent reading order is correct when linearized.Email layouts must make sense when CSS is disabled or images don't load. Single-column fallback for responsive emails.
1.4.1 Use of ColorColor is not the only visual means of conveying information.CTA buttons must not rely solely on color to indicate interactivity. Error states in forms need text labels, not just red highlighting. Charts need patterns or labels in addition to color coding.
1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum)Text: 4.5:1 contrast ratio. Large text (18pt+ or 14pt+ bold): 3:1.All marketing copy, CTAs, and navigation text must meet contrast minimums. Brand colors must be tested. White text on light backgrounds and light gray text are common failures.
1.4.4 Resize TextText can be resized up to 200% without loss of content or functionality.Landing pages and web content must remain functional at 200% zoom. No fixed-width containers that cause horizontal scrolling.
1.4.5 Images of TextUse actual text rather than images of text (with exceptions for logos).Avoid embedding key marketing copy in images. Headline text in banner ads should be HTML where possible. Social images with text should have alt text containing the text.
1.4.11 Non-text ContrastUI components and graphical objects: 3:1 contrast against adjacent colors.Form field borders, CTA button borders, icons, and chart elements must meet 3:1 contrast. Focus indicators must be visible.
2.1.1 KeyboardAll functionality operable through keyboard interface.Navigation menus, forms, modals, carousels, accordions, and interactive elements on landing pages must be fully keyboard-accessible. No keyboard traps.
2.4.4 Link Purpose (In Context)Purpose of each link can be determined from link text or context.Avoid "Click here" and "Read more" as standalone link text. Use descriptive text: "Download the 2025 Marketing Report" instead of "Download."
2.4.6 Headings and LabelsHeadings and labels describe topic or purpose.Landing page sections need descriptive headings. Form labels must clearly describe the expected input.
2.4.7 Focus VisibleKeyboard focus indicator is visible.Do not remove outline styles from interactive elements on landing pages. Custom focus indicators must meet 3:1 contrast.
3.1.1 Language of PageDefault human language of each page is programmatically determinable.Set lang attribute on HTML element. Multilingual marketing pages need lang attributes on sections in different languages.
3.2.1 On FocusNo context change on focus.No auto-redirect, modal popup, or form submission triggered solely by focusing an element.
3.2.2 On InputNo context change on input unless user is informed beforehand.Form field changes should not trigger page navigation. Auto-submit on dropdown selection is non-compliant without warning.
4.1.2 Name, Role, ValueAll UI components have accessible name, role, and state information.Custom components (dropdowns, toggles, tabs, sliders) on landing pages must use ARIA roles, states, and properties correctly.

5.2 ADA Website Compliance

RequirementDetail
Legal BasisTitle III of the Americans with Disabilities Act. DOJ has confirmed that websites of public accommodations must be accessible. No specific technical standard is codified, but courts consistently reference WCAG 2.2 AA as the benchmark.
Who Is CoveredAny business that is a "place of public accommodation" (virtually all commercial websites, including e-commerce, SaaS, services, media).
EnforcementPrivate lawsuits (ADA Title III does not provide damages in federal court but does in some states, notably California's Unruh Act: $4,000 minimum per violation per visit). DOJ enforcement actions. Demand letters are common.
Marketing ImplicationsAll landing pages, microsites, campaign pages, and promotional web content must be WCAG 2.2 AA compliant. Pop-ups and modals must be keyboard-accessible and screen-reader-compatible. Video content needs captions. PDFs (whitepapers, ebooks) must be tagged for accessibility. Forms must have labels, error handling, and keyboard access.
Auto-Applied RulesFlag landing pages without accessibility review. Require alt text on all images. Require caption files for video content. Flag color contrast issues in design assets. Require keyboard-accessible interactive elements. Flag PDF deliverables without accessibility tagging.

5.3 Email Accessibility Standards

RequirementDetail
Semantic HTMLUse proper HTML elements: <h1><h6> for headings, <p> for paragraphs, <table> with role="presentation" for layout tables, <th> for data table headers.
Alt TextEvery <img> must have an alt attribute. Meaningful images get descriptive alt text. Decorative images use alt="". CTA images (buttons, banners) get action-oriented alt text.
Color ContrastBody text: 4.5:1 minimum. Large text: 3:1 minimum. CTA buttons: text must contrast with button background AND button must contrast with email background.
Font SizeMinimum 14px for body text, 22px+ for headings. Avoid font sizes below 12px for any content. Use relative units where supported.
Link StylingLinks must be distinguishable from surrounding text by more than just color (underline is standard). Link text must be descriptive. Avoid multiple links with identical text pointing to different URLs.
StructureSingle-column layouts are most accessible. If multi-column, ensure proper reading order in code. Use dir and lang attributes. Avoid relying on CSS-only layout that breaks in stripped-down email clients.
Dark ModeTest in dark mode. Use transparent PNGs or match background colors. Ensure text remains readable when background colors are overridden. Provide both light and dark mode color declarations where supported.
Screen ReaderInclude a role="article" on the main content wrapper. Use aria-label for navigation links if applicable. Avoid "View in browser" as the only way to access content. Preheader text should be meaningful (it's read aloud by screen readers).
Auto-Applied RulesFlag images without alt text. Flag text below 4.5:1 contrast ratio. Flag body text below 14px. Flag link text that says "Click here" or "Read more." Flag layout tables without role="presentation". Require single-column fallback for mobile/accessibility.

Rule Application Reference

When the context engine evaluates marketing content, apply rules in this priority order:

  1. Geographic law — Identify target audience jurisdiction(s) and apply ALL applicable privacy/consent rules
  2. Industry regulation — Identify the advertiser's industry and apply sector-specific restrictions
  3. FTC advertising rules — Apply to all US-targeted content regardless of industry
  4. Platform policies — Apply the specific platform's rules for the distribution channel
  5. Accessibility — Apply WCAG 2.2 AA and email accessibility standards to all outputs

When rules conflict, apply the most restrictive standard. When jurisdiction is unknown, default to GDPR + CPRA + FTC as the baseline.

Severity Levels

LevelDefinitionAction
BLOCKViolation would be illegal or result in platform ban (false health claims, missing disclosures on regulated products, COPPA violations, discriminatory targeting).Do not output. Flag to user with specific rule citation.
WARNLikely violation requiring human review (ambiguous claims, missing disclaimers, potential trademark issues, accessibility gaps).Output with prominent warning and recommended fix.
SUGGESTBest practice not strictly required by law but reduces risk (double opt-in where only opt-out required, adding disclaimers proactively, exceeding minimum contrast ratios).Output with suggestion as a footnote.

Supporting file: skills/context-engine/platform-specs.md

Platform Specifications Reference

Last updated: 2026-02-11 This file is consumed by an AI agent to validate marketing content against platform requirements. All specs reflect current 2026 platform standards.


Section 1: Social Media Platform Specs

Instagram

Feed Posts

SpecValue
Character limit2,200
Optimal caption length125-150 characters (before "more" truncation)
Image formatsJPEG, PNG
Square image1080 x 1080 px (1:1)
Portrait image1080 x 1350 px (4:5)
Landscape image1080 x 566 px (1.91:1)
Max file size (image)30 MB
Hashtag limit30 max, 3-5 recommended
Algorithm priority signalsSaves, shares, comments, watch time, relationship closeness
Best posting timesTue-Thu 9-11 AM, Wed 11 AM, Fri 10-11 AM (local)

Instagram Reels

SpecValue
Duration15s, 30s, 60s, 90s (up to 3 min with some accounts)
Aspect ratio9:16 (vertical)
Resolution1080 x 1920 px
Video formatMP4, MOV
Max file size4 GB
Cover photo1080 x 1920 px
Caption limit2,200 characters
Hashtag limit30 max, 3-8 recommended
Algorithm priority signalsWatch-through rate, replays, shares, audio usage, originality
Best posting timesMon-Thu 9 AM, 12 PM, 7-8 PM (local)

Instagram Stories

SpecValue
Duration per slideUp to 60 seconds
Aspect ratio9:16
Resolution1080 x 1920 px
Image formatJPEG, PNG
Video formatMP4, MOV
Max file size (video)4 GB
Text-safe zoneKeep critical content within center 1080 x 1420 px (avoid top 250 px and bottom 250 px for UI overlays)
Sticker/link limit1 link sticker per story
Lifespan24 hours (unless added to Highlights)

Instagram Carousel

SpecValue
Slides2-20 per carousel
Aspect ratioAll slides must match; 1:1 or 4:5 recommended
Resolution (square)1080 x 1080 px
Resolution (portrait)1080 x 1350 px
Image formatJPEG, PNG
Video per slideUp to 60 seconds
Caption limit2,200 characters
Algorithm priority signalsSwipe-through rate, saves, shares, dwell time per slide

TikTok

SpecValue
Video duration15s, 60s, 3 min, 10 min, 30 min, 60 min
Aspect ratio9:16 (vertical)
Resolution1080 x 1920 px minimum
Video formatMP4, MOV, WebM
Max file size10 GB (desktop), 287 MB (mobile)
Caption limit4,000 characters
Hashtag limitNo hard limit; 3-5 relevant hashtags recommended
Photo modeUp to 35 images per carousel post
Algorithm priority signalsCompletion rate, rewatch rate, shares, comments, profile visits after viewing, content diversity score
Best posting timesTue 2-4 PM, Thu 12-3 PM, Fri 1-3 PM (local)
Text-safe zoneKeep text within center 720 x 1280 px area to avoid UI overlaps

LinkedIn

LinkedIn Post

SpecValue
Character limit3,000
Optimal length800-1,200 characters for engagement
Image dimensions1200 x 627 px (landscape), 1080 x 1080 px (square), 1080 x 1350 px (portrait)
Image formatJPEG, PNG, GIF
Max image file size8 MB
Video duration3 seconds to 10 minutes
Video formatMP4
Max video file size5 GB
Video aspect ratio1:1, 16:9, or 9:16
Document/carouselPDF upload, up to 300 pages, max 100 MB
Hashtag limitNo hard limit; 3-5 recommended
Algorithm priority signalsDwell time, comments (especially early), shares, relevance to network, content type diversity
Best posting timesTue-Thu 8-10 AM, Tue 10-11 AM peak (local business timezone)

LinkedIn Article

SpecValue
Headline limit100 characters
Body limit125,000 characters
Cover image1920 x 1080 px recommended
SupportsRich text, images, embeds, links
Algorithm priority signalsRead-through rate, comments, external shares

LinkedIn Newsletter

SpecValue
Title limit64 characters
Description limit250 characters
Logo image300 x 300 px
Cover image1920 x 1080 px
Body limitSame as Article (125,000 characters)
Frequency optionsDaily, weekly, biweekly, monthly
Algorithm priority signalsSubscriber growth rate, open rate, engagement rate

Twitter/X

SpecValue
Character limit (free)280
Character limit (Premium)25,000
Optimal tweet length71-100 characters for engagement
Image dimensions1600 x 900 px (16:9) recommended
Image formatsJPEG, PNG, GIF, WebP
Max images per tweet4
Max image file size5 MB (static), 15 MB (GIF)
Video duration0.5s to 140 seconds (up to 240 min for Premium)
Video resolution1920 x 1200 px max
Video formatMP4 (H.264 video, AAC audio)
Max video file size512 MB
Video aspect ratio16:9 or 1:1 recommended
Hashtag limitNo hard limit; 1-2 recommended
Algorithm priority signalsReplies, retweets, bookmark rate, link clicks, profile visits, verified status, dwell time
Best posting timesMon-Fri 8-10 AM, Wed 9-11 AM (local)

Facebook

Facebook Post

SpecValue
Character limit63,206
Optimal length40-80 characters for engagement
Image dimensions1200 x 630 px (landscape), 1080 x 1080 px (square)
Image formatJPEG, PNG, GIF, WebP
Max image file size30 MB
Link preview image1200 x 630 px minimum
Video duration1 second to 240 minutes
Video formatMP4, MOV
Video resolution1080p recommended
Max video file size10 GB
Algorithm priority signalsMeaningful interactions (comments, shares), watch time, content type matching user preference, Group engagement
Best posting timesMon-Fri 9 AM-12 PM, Wed 11 AM peak (local)

Facebook Reels

SpecValue
DurationUp to 90 seconds
Aspect ratio9:16
Resolution1080 x 1920 px
Video formatMP4, MOV
Max file size4 GB
Caption limit2,200 characters
Algorithm priority signalsOriginality, completion rate, shares, audio trends

Facebook Stories

SpecValue
Duration per slideUp to 20 seconds (video)
Aspect ratio9:16
Resolution1080 x 1920 px
Image formatJPEG, PNG
Video formatMP4, MOV
Max file size4 GB
Text-safe zoneCenter 1080 x 1420 px
Lifespan24 hours

Pinterest

Standard Pin

SpecValue
Title limit100 characters
Description limit500 characters
Image aspect ratio2:3 recommended (1000 x 1500 px)
Minimum image width600 px
Image formatJPEG, PNG, WebP
Max file size20 MB
Algorithm priority signalsSave rate, click-through rate, pin quality score, domain quality, keyword relevance, freshness
Best posting timesSat 8-11 PM, Fri-Sun for lifestyle; Tue-Thu for B2B (local)

Idea Pin

SpecValue
PagesUp to 20
Image resolution1080 x 1920 px (9:16)
Video duration per pageUp to 60 seconds
Video formatMP4, MOV
Title limit100 characters
Algorithm priority signalsView-through rate, saves, follows from pin, topic tag relevance

Video Pin

SpecValue
Duration4 seconds to 15 minutes
Aspect ratio1:1, 2:3, or 9:16
Resolution1080 px minimum width
Video formatMP4, MOV
Max file size2 GB
Title limit100 characters
Description limit500 characters

YouTube

YouTube Video

SpecValue
Title limit100 characters
Description limit5,000 characters
Tag limit500 characters total
Aspect ratio16:9 standard
Resolution1920 x 1080 px (1080p) minimum recommended; 3840 x 2160 (4K) supported
Video formatMP4 (H.264 + AAC) recommended; also MOV, AVI, WMV, FLV, WebM
Max file size256 GB
Max duration12 hours
Thumbnail1280 x 720 px (16:9), max 2 MB, JPEG/PNG/GIF
ChaptersMinimum 3 chapters, each 10+ seconds, first must start at 0:00
Algorithm priority signalsClick-through rate, watch time, average view duration, session time, engagement (likes, comments, shares), subscriber conversion
Best posting timesFri-Sat 9-11 AM, Thu 3-4 PM, weekday evenings 5-9 PM (viewer timezone)

YouTube Shorts

SpecValue
DurationUp to 3 minutes
Aspect ratio9:16 (vertical)
Resolution1080 x 1920 px
Title limit100 characters
Algorithm priority signalsSwipe-away rate (lower is better), replays, likes, subscriber conversion from Shorts

YouTube Live

SpecValue
ResolutionUp to 4K (2160p) at 60fps
Recommended bitrate (1080p)4,500-9,000 Kbps
Stream formatRTMP or HLS
Latency optionsUltra low, low, normal
Thumbnail1280 x 720 px
Schedule in advanceYes, up to weeks ahead

Reddit

SpecValue
Title limit300 characters
Text post limit40,000 characters
Image dimensionsNo strict requirement; 1200 x 628 px recommended for link posts
Image formatJPEG, PNG, GIF
Max images per post20 (gallery post)
Video durationUp to 15 minutes
Video formatMP4, MOV
Max video file size1 GB
Hashtag strategyNot used on Reddit; flair and subreddit selection matter instead
Algorithm priority signalsUpvote/downvote velocity, comment count, subreddit relevance, account karma and age
Best posting timesMon 6-8 AM, Wed-Fri 7-9 AM EST (US-centric subreddits)

Threads

SpecValue
Character limit500
Image dimensions1080 x 1350 px (4:5) recommended
Image formatJPEG, PNG
Max images per post10
Video durationUp to 5 minutes
Video formatMP4, MOV
Video aspect ratio9:16 or 1:1
Link previewSupported
Hashtag strategyTopic tags (1 per post)
Algorithm priority signalsReplies, reposts, engagement velocity, follower relationship
Best posting timesMon-Fri 8-10 AM, 12-1 PM (local)

Snapchat

SpecValue
Snap durationUp to 60 seconds (video), 10 seconds (image)
Aspect ratio9:16
Resolution1080 x 1920 px
Video formatMP4, MOV
Max file size5 MB (image), 32 MB (video for ads)
Spotlight videoUp to 3 minutes
Text limit (caption)80 characters on-screen
Text-safe zoneCenter 1080 x 1420 px
Algorithm priority signals (Spotlight)Completion rate, shares, favorites, screenshot rate
Best posting timesThu-Sat 10 PM-1 AM (local; younger demographic engagement peaks)

Section 2: Email Specifications

Subject Line Limits by Client

Email ClientVisible Characters (Desktop)Visible Characters (Mobile)
Gmail7040
Outlook (desktop app)7338
Outlook.com6038
Apple Mail7835
Yahoo Mail4635
Samsung MailN/A33

Recommendation: Keep subject lines under 40 characters for reliable cross-client mobile rendering. Front-load the most important words.

Preview Text (Preheader)

Email ClientPreview Text Visible Length
Gmail90-110 characters (varies by subject line length)
Outlook35-90 characters
Apple Mail75-100 characters
Yahoo Mail55-70 characters

Recommendation: Write 40-90 characters of preview text. If not explicitly set, clients pull the first visible body text. Use hidden preheader text in HTML to control this.

Email Body Specs

SpecValue
Recommended body width600 px (max 640 px)
Gmail clipping threshold102 KB (total HTML size including inline CSS). Messages exceeding this are truncated with a "[Message clipped] View entire message" link.
Max email size (practical)Keep under 100 KB HTML. Total with images should stay under 1 MB for fast loading.
Font stacksSystem fonts for reliability: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, Times New Roman. Web fonts supported in Apple Mail, iOS Mail, Android (default), Outlook.com, Thunderbird. NOT supported in Gmail, Outlook desktop.
Minimum font size (mobile)14 px body, 22 px headlines (iOS auto-sizes text below 13 px)
Line height1.4-1.6 for body text
Background imagesSupported in most clients; NOT supported in Outlook desktop (use VML fallback)

Image Handling

SpecValue
Image formatsJPEG, PNG, GIF. WebP supported in Gmail, Apple Mail; NOT in Outlook.
Retina supportUse 2x resolution images displayed at 1x size (e.g., 1200 px image displayed at 600 px width)
Image blockingOutlook, some corporate clients block images by default. Always include alt text.
Animated GIFSupported everywhere except Outlook desktop (shows first frame only)
Max single image width600 px display width (1200 px actual for retina)
Image-to-text ratioAim for 60% text / 40% images to avoid spam filters

CTA Button Specs

SpecRecommendation
Minimum button size44 x 44 px (Apple HIG tap target)
Recommended button size48-60 px height, full-width on mobile
Button methodBulletproof buttons using HTML/CSS (padding-based). VML fallback for Outlook. Avoid image-only buttons.
Button text2-5 words, action-oriented. Max 30 characters.
Button contrastWCAG AA minimum (4.5:1 contrast ratio for text on button color)

Dark Mode Considerations

ClientDark Mode Behavior
Apple Mail / iOS MailFull color inversion with @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) support
Gmail (Android)Partial: inverts light backgrounds to dark, adjusts text to white. Does NOT respect prefers-color-scheme.
Gmail (iOS)Partial: similar to Android. Does NOT respect prefers-color-scheme.
Outlook (desktop)Full inversion. Some transparent PNGs get white backgrounds.
Outlook.comPartial inversion. Supports [data-ogsc] and [data-ogsb] selectors.
Yahoo MailApplies its own dark theme. Limited CSS override support.

Dark mode design rules:

  • Add transparent padding around logos (prevents awkward color clashes)
  • Use semi-transparent PNGs with contrasting edges
  • Test with both dark and light backgrounds
  • Define both light and dark color schemes in CSS where supported
  • Avoid pure white (#FFFFFF) backgrounds; use #FAFAFA so dark mode detection triggers consistently

Mobile Rendering Rules

RuleDetail
Responsive approachUse fluid tables with max-width: 600px and width: 100%
Media queriesSupported in Apple Mail, iOS Mail, Android (default), Thunderbird. NOT supported in Gmail (any), Yahoo Mail, Outlook.
Stacking columnsUse display: block on table cells for mobile stacking via media queries, or use a hybrid/fluid approach for clients without media query support
Touch targetsMinimum 44 x 44 px for all tappable elements
Single-column layoutRecommended for mobile-first design

Apple Mail Privacy Protection (MPP)

ImpactDetail
Open trackingUnreliable. Apple pre-fetches all images (including tracking pixels) via proxy, inflating open rates. Approximately 50-60% of Apple Mail users have MPP enabled.
IP-based geolocationNo longer accurate for Apple Mail users. Apple proxies mask true IP.
Device detectionUnreliable. User-agent data is obscured.
Recommended responseShift KPIs to click-through rate, conversion rate, and revenue attribution. Use UTM parameters for tracking. Build engagement segments based on clicks, not opens.

Section 3: Ad Platform Creative Specs

Google Ads

Responsive Search Ads (RSA)

SpecValue
HeadlinesUp to 15; each max 30 characters
DescriptionsUp to 4; each max 90 characters
Display URL path2 fields, each max 15 characters
Final URLRequired
PinningAvailable for headlines (positions 1, 2, 3) and descriptions (positions 1, 2)
Minimum required3 headlines, 2 descriptions
RecommendationProvide all 15 headlines and 4 descriptions for maximum combinations

Google Display Ads

SpecValue
Landscape image1200 x 628 px (1.91:1) — required
Square image1200 x 1200 px (1:1) — required
Portrait image960 x 1200 px (4:5) — optional
Logo (landscape)1200 x 300 px (4:1) — optional
Logo (square)1200 x 1200 px (1:1) — required
Image file sizeMax 5.12 MB each
Image formatJPEG, PNG
Short headlineMax 30 characters (up to 5)
Long headlineMax 90 characters (1)
DescriptionMax 90 characters (up to 5)
Business nameMax 25 characters
CTA optionsAutomated, Learn More, Get Quote, Apply Now, Sign Up, Contact Us, Download, Book Now, Shop Now, Visit Site

Performance Max (PMax)

SpecValue
ImagesUp to 20. Landscape (1200x628), square (1200x1200), portrait (960x1200). Min 1 landscape and 1 square required.
LogosUp to 5. Square (1200x1200) required. Landscape (1200x300) recommended.
VideosUp to 5. Landscape (16:9), square (1:1), vertical (9:16). Min 10 seconds. If none provided, Google auto-generates from assets.
HeadlinesUp to 5, max 30 characters each
Long headlinesUp to 5, max 90 characters each
DescriptionsUp to 5, max 90 characters each. Plus 1 short description max 60 characters.
Business nameMax 25 characters
CTAAutomated or manual selection from standard options
Audience signalsRequired: custom segments, interests, demographics, remarketing lists

YouTube Ads

FormatSpec
Skippable in-streamMin 12 seconds, no max. Skippable after 5s. Recommended 15-30s for performance.
Non-skippable in-stream15 seconds exactly (20s in some regions)
Bumper adMax 6 seconds, non-skippable
In-feed (Discovery)Thumbnail 1280x720 (auto-selected or custom). Title max 100 chars. Description max 2 lines.
Video resolution1920x1080 (16:9) or 1080x1920 (9:16) for Shorts ads
File formatMP4 recommended
Max file size256 GB (same as standard YouTube upload)
Companion banner300 x 60 px (desktop, auto-generated or custom)

Google Shopping

SpecValue
Product titleMax 150 characters (first 70 most visible)
Product descriptionMax 5,000 characters
Product imageMin 100 x 100 px (non-apparel), 250 x 250 px (apparel). Recommended 800 x 800+. Max 64 MP.
Image formatJPEG, PNG, GIF (non-animated), BMP, TIFF
Image backgroundWhite or transparent recommended
Image contentNo watermarks, logos, promotional text, borders

Meta Ads (Facebook & Instagram)

Feed Ads

SpecValue
Primary text125 characters recommended (max 2,200 before truncation)
Headline27 characters recommended (max 255)
Description27 characters recommended (max 2,200)
Image (single)1080 x 1080 px (1:1) or 1200 x 628 px (1.91:1)
Image formatJPEG, PNG
Max image file size30 MB
Video aspect ratio1:1 or 4:5 (feed), 9:16 (Stories/Reels)
Video duration1 second to 241 minutes
Video formatMP4, MOV
Max video file size4 GB
Video resolution1080 x 1080 px minimum
CTA optionsShop Now, Learn More, Sign Up, Download, Get Offer, Book Now, Contact Us, Apply Now, Subscribe, Get Quote, Watch More, Send Message, Get Directions

Stories & Reels Ads

SpecValue
Aspect ratio9:16
Resolution1080 x 1920 px
Stories video duration1-120 seconds
Reels video duration1-90 seconds
Text-safe zoneKeep text/logos within center 1080 x 1420 px
Primary text125 characters
Headline40 characters

Carousel Ads

SpecValue
Cards2-10
Image per card1080 x 1080 px (1:1)
Video per cardUp to 240 minutes; 1:1 aspect ratio
Headline per card32 characters recommended
Description per card18 characters recommended
Primary text125 characters recommended
Landing URLUnique per card or single destination

Collection Ads

SpecValue
Cover image/video1200 x 628 px or 1080 x 1080 px
Product imagesPulled from catalog (min 4 products)
Headline40 characters
Opens intoInstant Experience (full-screen mobile)

LinkedIn Ads

Sponsored Content (Single Image)

SpecValue
Introductory text600 characters max (150 recommended)
Headline200 characters max (70 recommended)
Description300 characters max (100 recommended)
Image1200 x 627 px (1.91:1) recommended. Also supports 1080 x 1080 (1:1) and 1080 x 1350 (4:5).
Image file sizeMax 5 MB
Image formatJPEG, PNG, GIF
CTA optionsApply, Download, View Quote, Learn More, Sign Up, Subscribe, Register, Join, Attend, Request Demo

Sponsored Content (Video)

SpecValue
Duration3 seconds to 30 minutes
Aspect ratio16:9 (landscape), 1:1 (square), 9:16 (vertical)
Resolution360p to 1080p
File formatMP4
Max file size200 MB
CaptionsSRT file upload supported and recommended

Sponsored Messaging (Message Ads)

SpecValue
Subject lineMax 60 characters
Message bodyMax 1,500 characters
CTA button textMax 20 characters
Banner image300 x 250 px
Clickable links in bodyUp to 3

Document Ads

SpecValue
File formatPDF, DOC, DOCX, PPT, PPTX
Max file size100 MB
Max pages300 (first 5 shown as preview in feed)
Introductory text600 characters max
Headline200 characters max
Lead gen formOptional gating after preview pages

TikTok Ads

In-Feed Ads

SpecValue
Aspect ratio9:16, 1:1, or 16:9
Resolution720 x 1280 px minimum (9:16 recommended)
Video duration5-60 seconds (9-15 seconds recommended)
Video formatMP4, MOV, MPEG, AVI
Max file size500 MB
Ad description1-100 characters (emoji allowed)
Display nameMax 40 characters
CTA optionsDownload, Learn More, Shop Now, Sign Up, Contact Us, Apply Now, Book Now, Get Quote, Subscribe, Order Now, View Now

TopView Ads

SpecValue
Duration5-60 seconds
Resolution1080 x 1920 px
Aspect ratio9:16
PlacementFirst in-feed ad seen when opening the app
File formatMP4, MOV
Max file size500 MB
SoundRequired (auto-play with sound on)

Spark Ads

SpecValue
SourceBoost existing organic TikTok posts (own or authorized third-party)
SpecsSame as original post (no modification to video)
Added featuresCTA button, landing page URL, tracking pixel
AuthorizationRequires video authorization code from creator
DurationCampaign-controlled

Pinterest Ads

SpecValue
Standard Pin ad image1000 x 1500 px (2:3)
Square Pin ad image1000 x 1000 px (1:1)
Max aspect ratio1:2.6
Image formatJPEG, PNG
Image file sizeMax 20 MB
TitleMax 100 characters
DescriptionMax 500 characters
Video Pin ad duration4 seconds to 15 minutes
Video resolution1080 px width minimum
Video formatMP4, MOV
Video max file size2 GB
Idea Pin adUp to 20 pages, 1080 x 1920 px per page
Shopping adLinked to product catalog; standard Pin specs
CTA optionsAutomated based on campaign objective

Amazon Ads

Sponsored Products

SpecValue
TypeKeyword- or product-targeted; uses existing product listing
ImageProduct listing main image (auto-pulled from catalog)
HeadlineNot customizable (uses product title)
No custom creativeAd uses existing product detail page content

Sponsored Brands

SpecValue
HeadlineMax 50 characters
Logo400 x 400 px minimum, PNG/JPEG, max 1 MB
Custom image1200 x 628 px recommended
Products featured3+ ASINs
Video (Sponsored Brands Video)6-45 seconds; 1920 x 1080 (16:9) or 1080 x 1920 (9:16) or 1080 x 1080 (1:1); MP4/MOV; max 500 MB
Store SpotlightLinks to brand Store pages

Sponsored Display

SpecValue
Custom image1200 x 628 px (landscape), 1200 x 1200 px (square)
Logo600 x 600 px minimum
HeadlineMax 50 characters
Image formatJPEG, PNG
Max file size5 MB
Video6-30 seconds, MP4, 1280 x 720 min, max 500 MB
TargetingProduct, audience (views, purchases), contextual

Section 4: Schema Markup Reference

Use schema.org structured data (JSON-LD format recommended) to enhance search appearance and enable rich results.

Schema TypeWhen to UseRich Result
ArticleBlog posts, news articles, editorial content. Use NewsArticle for timely news, BlogPosting for blogs.Article carousel, headline in Top Stories
FAQPagePages with a list of questions and answers. Must show Q&A on the visible page (not just in markup).Expandable FAQ dropdowns in SERP
HowToStep-by-step instructional content (recipes, DIY, tutorials). Each step must be a distinct action.Step-by-step rich result with images/video
ProductProduct pages. Include name, image, description, offers (price, availability, currency).Product snippet with price, availability, rating
LocalBusinessBusinesses with a physical location. Include address, phone, hours, geo coordinates. Subtype to specific business type (e.g., Restaurant, Dentist).Knowledge panel, Maps integration
OrganizationCompany/brand homepage. Include name, logo, URL, social profiles, contact info.Knowledge panel, logo in search
PersonAuthor pages, speaker bios, team pages. Link to social profiles and authored content.Knowledge panel for notable people
Review / AggregateRatingProduct reviews, service reviews. AggregateRating for summary of multiple reviews. Must represent genuine user reviews.Star ratings in SERP
EventUpcoming events with date, location, ticket info. Include startDate, location, offers for tickets.Event listing with date, venue, ticket link
VideoObjectVideo content on pages. Include name, description, thumbnailUrl, uploadDate, duration, contentUrl or embedUrl.Video carousel, key moments
SpeakableContent optimized for text-to-speech / voice assistants. Identify which sections are most suitable for audio playback.Voice assistant eligibility (Google Assistant)
BreadcrumbListAll pages with breadcrumb navigation. Reflects the page hierarchy.Breadcrumb trail in SERP instead of raw URL
SiteNavigationElementMain site navigation menus. Helps search engines understand site structure.Sitelinks refinement (indirect)

Schema Implementation Notes

  • Format: Always use JSON-LD (recommended by Google) over Microdata or RDFa.
  • Placement: Insert <script type="application/ld+json"> in the <head> or <body> of the page.
  • Validation: Test with Google Rich Results Test (https://search.google.com/test/rich-results) and Schema Markup Validator (https://validator.schema.org).
  • Nesting: Nest related schemas (e.g., Product containing AggregateRating and Offers).
  • Avoid: Do not mark up content that is not visible on the page. Do not use schema for deceptive purposes. Google may issue manual actions for misleading structured data.

Section 5: Image Format Guide

Format Comparison

PropertyWebPAVIFPNGJPEG
Compression typeLossy + LosslessLossy + LosslessLosslessLossy
TransparencyYesYesYesNo
AnimationYesYes (limited tooling)Yes (APNG)No
Typical file size vs JPEG25-35% smaller40-50% smaller5-10x largerBaseline
Encoding speedFastSlow (CPU-intensive)FastFast
Decoding speedFastModerateFastFast
Color depth8-bit8, 10, 12-bit (HDR support)8, 16-bit8-bit
Max dimensions16,383 x 16,383 pxNo practical limitNo practical limit65,535 x 65,535 px
Progressive loadingNoYesNo (interlaced PNG exists)Yes

Browser Support (as of 2026)

FormatChromeFirefoxSafariEdgeiOS SafariAndroid
WebP32+65+16+18+16+4.2+
AVIF85+93+16.4+85+16.4+85+
PNGAllAllAllAllAllAll
JPEGAllAllAllAllAllAll

When to Use Each Format

FormatBest ForAvoid When
WebPGeneral web images. Default choice for photos, illustrations, thumbnails. Best balance of compression, quality, and compatibility.Email campaigns (limited client support), environments requiring lossless at maximum quality.
AVIFHero images, high-quality photography where file size is critical. Best compression ratio available. Use when encoding time is not a constraint.Bulk image processing pipelines (slow encoding), older browser support required without fallback, email.
PNGLogos, icons, screenshots, images with text, transparency over complex backgrounds, any image requiring pixel-perfect lossless quality.Photographs (file size too large), any large image where lossy compression is acceptable.
JPEGUniversal fallback. Email images. Social media uploads (platforms re-encode anyway). Legacy system compatibility.Images with text (compression artifacts), transparency needed, logos or sharp-edged graphics.

Implementation Best Practice

Use the <picture> element with format fallback:

<picture>
  <source srcset="image.avif" type="image/avif">
  <source srcset="image.webp" type="image/webp">
  <img src="image.jpg" alt="Description" width="800" height="600" loading="lazy">
</picture>

Key rules:

  • Always include width and height attributes to prevent Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS)
  • Use loading="lazy" for below-the-fold images
  • Use loading="eager" or fetchpriority="high" for LCP (Largest Contentful Paint) images
  • Serve responsive sizes with srcset and sizes attributes for resolution switching
  • Compress JPEG at quality 75-85 for web, WebP at quality 75-80, AVIF at quality 60-70
  • Always strip EXIF metadata for web delivery (privacy and file size)

How do I install Funnel architect in Cursor, Claude Code, or Codex?

Run npx skills add indranilbanerjee/digital-marketing-pro --skill funnel-architect in the project where you want it, then ask your agent for the skill by name. The --skill flag installs only Funnel architect, not every skill in the repository.

Where does Funnel architect come from and what license is it under?

Funnel architect comes from the indranilbanerjee/digital-marketing-pro repository on GitHub. That repository has 190 GitHub stars. The skill is published under the MIT license.

Prefer plain text? Read the Funnel architect guide as markdown.