Funnel architect
Quick answer
- 01What is it?
- Activate this module when the user's request involves any of the following. It stands out by giving funnel architect a defined shape, so the agent asks for better context and returns a more usable result.
- 02Inputs
- Context the agent needs: your goals, audience, constraints, and any source material the skill asks for.
- 03Output
- A ready-to-use result: the analysis, copy, or recommendations the agent produces.
Add this skill
Install as a package
Installs this one skill package for your coding agent, including any supporting files that skill ships with — not every skill in the repository. Read the tutorial.
$ npx skills add indranilbanerjee/digital-marketing-pro --skill funnel-architectSkill instructions
The instruction file for this skill. The skill also includes other files you need to install to use it.
Funnel Architect
When to Use This Skill
Activate this module when the user's request involves any of the following:
- Funnel Design: Building or restructuring a marketing/sales funnel for a specific business model
- Customer Journey Mapping: Visualizing the end-to-end path from first awareness to post-purchase advocacy
- Attribution Modeling: Determining how credit for conversions should be assigned across touchpoints
- Funnel Analysis: Diagnosing where prospects drop off and why
- Conversion Path Optimization: Improving the sequence of interactions that lead to conversion
- Gap Analysis: Identifying missing stages, touchpoints, or content in an existing funnel
- Micro-Conversion Strategy: Defining and optimizing the small commitments that lead to macro conversions
Trigger phrases: "funnel," "customer journey," "attribution," "conversion path," "where are we losing customers," "buyer journey," "TOFU/MOFU/BOFU," "lead nurture flow," "drop-off analysis," "touchpoint mapping," "pipeline," "conversion rate by stage"
Brand Context (Auto-Applied)
Before producing any marketing output from this module:
- Check session context — The active brand summary was output at session start. Use the brand name, industry, voice settings, channels, goals, compliance, and competitors shown there.
- If you need the full profile, read:
~/.claude-marketing/brands/{slug}/profile.json - Apply brand voice — Formality, energy, humor, authority levels must shape all content tone and word choices
- Check compliance — Auto-apply rules for brand's target_markets and industry using
skills/context-engine/compliance-rules.md - Reference industry benchmarks — Consult
skills/context-engine/industry-profiles.mdfor the brand's industry - Use platform specs — Reference
skills/context-engine/platform-specs.mdfor character limits and format requirements - Check campaign history — Run
python "${CLAUDE_PLUGIN_ROOT}/scripts/campaign-tracker.py" --brand {slug} --action list-campaignsbefore planning new work - If no brand exists, say: "No brand profile found. Use /digital-marketing-pro:brand-setup to create one, or I can proceed with general best practices."
- Check brand guidelines — If
~/.claude-marketing/brands/{slug}/guidelines/_manifest.jsonexists, load and enforce:restrictions.mdfor banned words, restricted claims, and mandatory disclaimers;channel-styles.mdfor channel-specific tone overrides (may differ from base voice);messaging.mdfor approved key messages, taglines, and positioning language;voice-and-tone.mdfor detailed voice rules beyond the 4 numeric scores. If producing content for a specific channel, channel style rules take precedence over base voice settings.
Do not ask the user for information that already exists in their brand profile.
Required Context
Before executing funnel work, gather:
- Business Model: SaaS, e-commerce, lead gen, marketplace, subscription, service-based, hybrid, etc.
- Current Funnel State: Does a documented funnel exist? What stages are defined? What tools track it?
- Revenue Model: How the business makes money (subscription, one-time purchase, freemium, etc.)
- Average Deal Size & Sales Cycle Length: Critical for determining funnel complexity
- Key Conversion Actions: What counts as a lead, MQL, SQL, opportunity, customer?
- Current Metrics: Conversion rates between stages if available
- Tech Stack: CRM, marketing automation, analytics platforms in use
- Team Structure: Is there a separate sales team? Is it product-led growth? Who owns each funnel stage?
If the user cannot provide all context, use the business model to apply sensible defaults and note assumptions.
Minimum viable context: Business model and what the company sells. Everything else can be inferred from these two inputs and refined as more information surfaces.
Capabilities
- Business-Model-Adaptive Funnel Design: Custom funnel architectures for 9 distinct business models (SaaS, e-commerce, lead gen, marketplace, subscription box, professional services, media/publishing, mobile app, B2B enterprise)
- Journey Mapping with Emotion & Friction Points: Visual journey maps that capture not just touchpoints but emotional states, friction moments, and decision triggers at each stage
- Attribution Model Selection & Design: Guidance on choosing the right attribution model (last-click, first-click, linear, time-decay, position-based, data-driven, custom) based on business context
- Funnel Templates: Pre-built, customizable funnel frameworks for 9 business models with default stages, KPIs, and conversion benchmarks
- Gap Analysis: Systematic identification of missing stages, content, touchpoints, or automation in an existing funnel
- Micro-Conversion Definition: Identifying and sequencing the small commitment actions that build toward macro conversion
- Stage-by-Stage KPI Framework: Defining the right metrics for every funnel stage so performance is measurable
- Funnel Velocity Analysis: Measuring how quickly prospects move through stages and identifying bottlenecks
- Multi-Touch Journey Orchestration: Designing coordinated touchpoint sequences across channels
- Post-Purchase Funnel Extension: Retention, expansion, and advocacy stage design
Process
Primary Workflow: Funnel Design & Optimization
-
Business Model Classification
- Identify the business model (or hybrid combination)
- Determine the revenue model and typical sales cycle
- Classify as product-led, sales-led, or hybrid growth motion
- Select the appropriate funnel template as a starting framework
-
Current State Assessment
- If an existing funnel is documented, map it stage by stage
- Identify what metrics are currently tracked at each stage
- Note where tracking breaks down or data goes dark
- Document all current touchpoints (ads, content, emails, sales calls, product interactions)
-
Journey Mapping
- Map the full customer journey from unaware to advocate
- For each stage, document:
- Touchpoints: What the prospect interacts with
- Actions: What they do (micro-conversions)
- Emotions: What they feel (excitement, confusion, hesitation, trust)
- Friction Points: What slows them down or causes drop-off
- Decision Triggers: What moves them to the next stage
- Content Needs: What information they need at this moment
- Include parallel paths (not all journeys are linear)
-
Gap Analysis
- Compare current state against the ideal funnel for this business model
- Identify missing stages or undefined transitions
- Flag content gaps (stages with no supporting content)
- Highlight automation gaps (manual handoffs that should be automated)
- Detect measurement gaps (stages with no KPIs)
- Spot channel gaps (stages served by only one channel)
-
Funnel Architecture Design
- Define each stage with clear entry/exit criteria
- Assign KPIs and conversion benchmarks to every stage
- Design the micro-conversion sequence
- Map content to each stage (existing and needed)
- Specify automation triggers and rules
- Define handoff protocols between marketing and sales (if applicable)
-
Attribution Model Recommendation
- Based on funnel complexity, sales cycle length, and available data, recommend an attribution model
- Explain trade-offs of the recommendation vs. alternatives
- Provide implementation guidance for their tech stack
-
Optimization Roadmap
- Prioritize improvements by impact and effort
- Define A/B testing plan for high-impact stage transitions
- Set up monitoring cadence for funnel health metrics
- Create a 30/60/90-day optimization plan
Secondary Workflow: Funnel Diagnosis (When a Funnel Exists but Underperforms)
-
Data Collection
- Gather conversion rates between every stage for the last 3-6 months
- Pull time-to-conversion data (how long prospects spend at each stage)
- Identify volume at each stage to build the full funnel waterfall
-
Drop-Off Analysis
- Calculate the absolute and relative drop-off at each stage transition
- Identify the single largest drop-off point (the "leaky bucket")
- Segment drop-off by traffic source, device, geography, and audience segment
- Determine if drop-off is a volume problem (not enough enter the stage) or a conversion problem (they enter but don't advance)
-
Root Cause Identification
- For each high-drop-off transition, investigate:
- Is the content at this stage compelling enough?
- Is the CTA clear and the next step obvious?
- Is there a friction point (long forms, confusing UX, required info the prospect does not have)?
- Is the timing wrong (asking for too much too early)?
- Is there a trust gap (insufficient social proof or credibility at this stage)?
- Cross-reference with qualitative data (customer feedback, sales team input, session recordings) if available
- For each high-drop-off transition, investigate:
-
Fix Prioritization
- Score each identified issue on impact (how much conversion improvement is possible) and effort (how hard is the fix)
- Focus on the highest-impact, lowest-effort fixes first
- Design specific experiments to test each fix before full rollout
Reference Files
journey-mapping.md— Customer journey mapping methodology, emotion mapping framework, touchpoint cataloging, and journey visualization templatesattribution-models.md— Detailed comparison of attribution models, selection criteria decision tree, implementation guides per platform, and custom model designfunnel-templates.md— Pre-built funnel architectures for 9 business models with default stages, benchmarks, and customization guidesgap-analysis.md— Gap analysis framework, diagnostic questions, common gap patterns by business model, and prioritization scoring
Output Formats
| Deliverable | Format | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Funnel Architecture | Visual diagram + document | Stage-by-stage funnel with entry/exit criteria, KPIs, and content mapping |
| Customer Journey Map | Visual map + narrative | Full journey from awareness to advocacy with emotions, friction, and triggers |
| Gap Analysis Report | Document with priorities | All identified gaps with severity, impact score, and fix recommendations |
| Attribution Model Spec | Document | Recommended model with rationale, alternatives, and implementation steps |
| Stage KPI Dashboard | Table/spreadsheet spec | Metrics, benchmarks, and tracking methodology for every funnel stage |
| Micro-Conversion Map | Diagram + document | Sequenced small-commitment actions that build toward macro conversions |
| Funnel Optimization Roadmap | Prioritized plan | 30/60/90-day plan with specific actions, owners, and expected impact |
Edge Cases
Hybrid Business Models
- Situation: Business combines multiple models (e.g., SaaS with a marketplace component, or e-commerce with subscription)
- Approach: Build a primary funnel based on the dominant revenue model, then layer in secondary paths. Identify where the funnels diverge and converge. Create distinct stage definitions for each path but unified attribution. Do not force-fit a single template — hybrid models need hybrid funnels.
Two-Sided Marketplaces
- Situation: Business serves both supply side (sellers, providers) and demand side (buyers, consumers)
- Approach: Design parallel funnels for each side. Map interdependencies (where one side's funnel stage depends on the other side's activity). Identify the "chicken and egg" dynamics and design the funnel to solve for the constrained side first. Track marketplace liquidity metrics alongside conversion metrics.
Offline-to-Online Journeys
- Situation: Significant portion of the journey happens offline (events, retail, phone calls, field sales)
- Approach: Create explicit "dark funnel" stages where tracking is limited. Design bridge mechanisms (QR codes, unique URLs, call tracking numbers, CRM manual entry) to connect offline interactions to the digital funnel. Acknowledge measurement limitations honestly and recommend proxy metrics where direct tracking is impossible.
Very Long B2B Cycles (12+ Months)
- Situation: Enterprise sales with buying committees, RFPs, legal review, and 12-24 month cycles
- Approach: Build a milestone-based funnel rather than a time-based one. Design for buying committee dynamics (champion, economic buyer, technical evaluator, legal). Include "re-engagement" loops for stalled deals. Use account-level scoring rather than individual lead scoring. Attribution must be multi-touch with heavy time-decay weighting. Content needs are deep and stage-specific — exec summaries for C-suite, technical docs for evaluators, ROI models for finance.
Product-Led Growth (PLG) Funnels
- Situation: Product usage IS the primary funnel mechanism — users self-serve through a free tier or trial before converting
- Approach: The funnel is driven by product engagement, not traditional marketing touches. Design around activation milestones (the "aha moments" in the product). Map the progression from signup to activation to engagement to conversion to expansion. Define product-qualified leads (PQLs) based on usage thresholds rather than marketing-qualified leads. Integrate product analytics (Amplitude, Mixpanel, Pendo) as the primary funnel tracking tool. Marketing's role shifts toward driving signups and supporting activation through in-app messaging, onboarding emails, and educational content.
Funnel with No Existing Data
- Situation: New business or new market with no historical funnel data to analyze
- Approach: Build a hypothesis funnel using industry benchmarks and business model templates. Define stage conversion rate assumptions clearly and label them as hypotheses. Design the funnel with measurement baked in from day one so data accumulates quickly. Recommend a 90-day "instrument and learn" phase where the goal is data collection and assumption validation, not optimization. Set minimum traffic/volume thresholds for each stage before drawing conclusions from conversion rates.
Related Skills
- Campaign Orchestrator — For executing the campaigns that drive traffic into the funnel and move prospects through stages
- Audience Intelligence — For understanding who enters the funnel, building personas for each stage, and segmenting by funnel behavior
- Analytics & Insights — For measuring funnel performance, attribution analysis, and anomaly detection in conversion rates
- Content Engine — For creating the stage-specific content mapped to each funnel touchpoint
- AEO/GEO Intelligence — For optimizing the top-of-funnel awareness stage where AI-generated answers drive discovery
Supporting file: attribution-models.md
Attribution Models — Comparison & Implementation Guide
Model Comparison
| Model | How It Works | Best For | Limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Last-Click | 100% credit to last touchpoint | Short sales cycles, direct response | Ignores awareness/consideration |
| First-Click | 100% credit to first touchpoint | Brand awareness campaigns | Ignores nurture/conversion steps |
| Linear | Equal credit to all touchpoints | Balanced overview | Over-credits low-impact touches |
| Time-Decay | More credit to touches closer to conversion | Long sales cycles, B2B | Under-credits awareness |
| Position-Based (U-shape) | 40% first, 40% last, 20% split among middle | Balanced with emphasis on intro/close | Somewhat arbitrary splits |
| Data-Driven | ML model allocates based on actual impact | Large datasets (300+ conversions/month) | Requires significant data volume |
| Marketing Mix Modeling | Econometric model using aggregate data | Budget allocation across channels | Slow, requires historical data |
Model Selection Decision Tree
START: How many conversions per month?
├── < 300 → Use Position-Based or Time-Decay
│ ├── Short sales cycle (< 7 days)? → Last-Click or Linear
│ └── Long sales cycle (> 30 days)? → Time-Decay
├── 300-1000 → Consider Data-Driven
│ └── Is your analytics platform capable? → Use Data-Driven
└── > 1000 → Use Data-Driven + MMM for budget planning
BUSINESS MODEL OVERRIDES:
- eCommerce / DTC → Last-Click baseline, upgrade to Data-Driven when possible
- B2B SaaS → Position-Based or Time-Decay (long cycles, many touches)
- Local Business → Last-Click (simple journeys)
- Marketplace → Separate attribution for supply and demand sides
Platform Implementation Guides
Google Analytics 4 (GA4)
- Default: Data-driven attribution (cross-channel)
- Configurable models: Since 2023, GA4's Admin → Attribution Settings exposes only
data-drivenandlast-click(paid & organic channels) — the old menu of linear / time-decay / position-based / first-click was removed. To apply linear, time-decay, position-based, or any custom credit rule, model it in your warehouse / BI layer (BigQuery export + SQL, or a BI tool) — not in GA4's UI. - Lookback windows: 30 days for acquisition, 90 days for other conversions
- Reports: Advertising → Attribution → Model comparison (compares the two available models)
- AI Assistant channel: GA4's default channel grouping now includes an "AI Assistant" channel that isolates referral traffic from AI assistants (ChatGPT, Gemini, Copilot, Perplexity, etc.). Include it in channel breakdowns so AI-sourced conversions are not misfiled under "Referral" or "Direct".
- Limitation: Only tracks Google-visible touchpoints, cannot see all walled garden data
Meta (Facebook) Attribution
- Default: 7-day click, 1-day view attribution
- Conversions API (CAPI): Server-side event tracking for better match rates
- Aggregated Event Measurement: For iOS 14+ tracking limitations
- Recommended: Configure CAPI + browser pixel for maximum data coverage
- Compare: Meta's self-reported conversions vs GA4's cross-channel view
Google Ads
- Default: Last-click within Google Ads
- Data-driven: Available in conversion settings when sufficient data
- Cross-campaign: Attribution applies across Search, Display, YouTube, Shopping
- Recommendation: Enable data-driven attribution, set appropriate conversion windows
Cross-Device Attribution
Challenges
- Same user, different devices appears as multiple users
- Cookie-based tracking breaks across devices
- Privacy regulations limit cross-device linking
Solutions
- Deterministic matching: Logged-in user IDs across devices (most accurate, requires auth)
- Probabilistic matching: Statistical models linking device patterns (less accurate)
- Google Signals: Cross-device data from logged-in Google users in GA4
- CRM integration: Match conversions to known contacts across touchpoints
Custom Model Design Framework
When standard models don't fit:
- Define touchpoint categories: Awareness, Engagement, Conversion Assist, Conversion
- Assign category weights based on business model:
- B2B SaaS: Awareness 20%, Engagement 30%, Assist 20%, Conversion 30%
- eCommerce: Awareness 15%, Engagement 15%, Assist 20%, Conversion 50%
- Test against actual outcomes: Compare model predictions to observed patterns
- Iterate quarterly: Adjust weights based on incrementality test results
Attribution Validation
How to Verify Your Model Is Accurate
- Holdout tests: Pause a channel, measure true impact vs model-predicted impact
- Incrementality tests: Geo-split or user-split experiments per channel
- Cross-model comparison: Run 2-3 models in parallel, compare conclusions
- Sanity checks: Does the attribution match what you intuitively know about channel performance?
- Revenue reconciliation: Do attributed conversions sum to actual revenue?
Red Flags
- A single channel claims >80% of conversions (likely measurement bias)
- Model suddenly changes attribution dramatically (check for tracking issues)
- Branded search gets majority credit (it's capturing demand, not creating it)
- Model ignores channels you know drive awareness (review touchpoint capture)
Supporting file: funnel-templates.md
Funnel Templates — Pre-Built Architectures by Business Model
B2B SaaS (AARRR Funnel)
| Stage | Definition | Key Metrics | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acquisition | Visitor arrives (any channel) | Traffic, CAC by channel | Organic: $50-200 CAC |
| Activation | Reaches "aha moment" (completes key action) | Activation rate, time-to-value | 20-40% of signups |
| Retention | Returns and uses regularly | DAU/MAU, retention curve, NRR | 40-60% month-1, NRR >100% |
| Revenue | Converts to paid / expands | Conversion rate, ARPU, expansion MRR | 3-8% free-to-paid |
| Referral | Invites others | Viral coefficient, referral rate | K-factor 0.1-0.5 |
Lead stages: Visitor → MQL (content engagement) → PQL (product usage threshold) → SQL (sales-ready) → Opportunity → Customer
eCommerce / DTC
| Stage | Definition | Key Metrics | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Discover | Finds store/product | Traffic, ad impressions, social reach | — |
| Browse | Views products | Pages/session, product views, bounce rate | 2-3 pages/session |
| Add to Cart | Shows purchase intent | Cart add rate | 5-15% of sessions |
| Checkout | Begins checkout | Checkout initiation rate | 30-60% of cart adds |
| Purchase | Completes order | Conversion rate, AOV | 1.5-3.5% overall |
| Repeat | Returns to buy again | Repeat purchase rate, LTV | 25-40% within 90 days |
Key lever: Cart abandonment recovery (average 70% abandonment rate)
B2B Services / Consulting
| Stage | Definition | Key Metrics | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Awareness | Discovers the firm | Website visits, content downloads | — |
| Interest | Engages with thought leadership | Email signups, webinar attendance, content consumption | 2-5% visitor-to-lead |
| Consultation | Books initial meeting | Discovery calls booked, show rate | 20-40% of leads |
| Proposal | Receives proposal | Proposals sent, win rate | 25-50% win rate |
| Close | Signs contract | Deal value, sales cycle length | 30-90 day cycle |
| Retain | Renews/expands | Retention rate, upsell rate | 80-90% annual retention |
Key lever: Thought leadership → trust → consultation conversion
Local Business
| Stage | Definition | Key Metrics | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Discover | Finds business (search, maps, referral) | Google Business Profile views, local SEO rankings | — |
| Visit | Visits location or website | Foot traffic, website visits, direction requests | — |
| Purchase | Makes first purchase | Transactions, average ticket | — |
| Review | Leaves a review | Review rate, average rating | 5-10% review rate |
| Return | Comes back | Repeat visit rate, frequency | 30-50% return within 60 days |
| Refer | Tells friends | Referral mentions, "how did you hear" | — |
Key lever: Google Business Profile optimization + review generation
Marketplace (Dual-Sided)
Buyer Side
| Stage | Metrics | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|
| Discover | New buyer signups | — |
| First transaction | Buyer activation rate | 30-50% |
| Repeat transaction | Frequency, buyer retention | 2-3 transactions/quarter |
| Loyalty | LTV, platform preference | — |
Seller/Supply Side
| Stage | Metrics | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|
| Onboard | New seller signups | — |
| First listing/sale | Seller activation rate | 40-60% |
| Active selling | GMV, listing quality | — |
| Growth | Seller expansion, exclusive listing | — |
Key lever: Solving the chicken-and-egg problem (typically start with supply)
Creator / Personal Brand
| Stage | Definition | Key Metrics | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Discover | New audience finds creator | Impressions, new followers | — |
| Follow | Subscribes to content | Follower growth rate | 2-5% monthly growth |
| Engage | Actively interacts | Engagement rate, comments, shares | 3-6% engagement |
| Subscribe | Joins paid offering | Conversion to paid | 1-5% of followers |
| Advocate | Promotes to their network | Share rate, UGC, testimonials | — |
Key lever: Consistent content → engagement → trust → monetization
DTC (Direct-to-Consumer)
| Stage | Definition | Key Metrics | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Awareness | Discovers brand (social, ads, PR) | Reach, brand search volume | — |
| Trial | First purchase (often low-risk entry) | First-order conversion, trial offers | 2-4% |
| Subscribe | Converts to subscription/repeat | Subscription rate, 2nd order rate | 15-30% sub rate |
| Retain | Stays subscribed | Monthly churn, LTV:CAC ratio | <8% monthly churn |
| Refer | Shares with friends | Referral rate, K-factor | 10-20% referral rate |
Key lever: First-to-second purchase conversion (biggest drop-off point)
Non-Profit
| Stage | Definition | Key Metrics |
|---|---|---|
| Discover | Learns about cause | Website visits, social reach |
| Engage | Interacts with content/events | Email signups, event attendance |
| First Gift | Makes first donation | Donor acquisition rate, avg first gift |
| Repeat | Gives again | Donor retention rate (target: 45%+) |
| Major Gift | Increases giving level | Upgrade rate, major gift pipeline |
| Advocate | Fundraises or advocates | Peer-to-peer fundraising, volunteer rate |
Supporting file: gap-analysis.md
Funnel Gap Analysis — Framework & Prioritization
Gap Identification Methodology
Data-Driven Analysis
- Pull funnel metrics for each stage (volume, conversion rate, time-in-stage)
- Compare to benchmarks from funnel-templates.md for your business model
- Calculate drop-off between each stage: Drop-off % = 1 - (Stage N+1 / Stage N)
- Identify outliers: Any stage with conversion rate >20% below benchmark is a gap
- Trend analysis: Is any stage getting worse over time? (even if currently above benchmark)
Qualitative Signals
- Customer feedback mentioning friction at specific stages
- Sales team reporting common objections or drop-off points
- Support tickets clustering around specific journey moments
- Session recordings showing user confusion or abandonment
- NPS/CSAT scores that drop at specific touchpoints
Common Gap Patterns by Business Model
B2B SaaS
| Gap Pattern | Symptom | Likely Cause |
|---|---|---|
| Awareness gap | Low organic traffic, poor brand search volume | Weak content strategy, poor SEO |
| Activation gap | High signup rate, low product usage | Poor onboarding, unclear time-to-value |
| MQL→SQL gap | Marketing generates leads, sales rejects them | Misaligned lead scoring, wrong audience |
| Trial→Paid gap | Users try but don't convert | Pricing friction, insufficient value demonstration |
| Expansion gap | Customers stay but don't grow | No upsell triggers, feature awareness gap |
eCommerce
| Gap Pattern | Symptom | Likely Cause |
|---|---|---|
| Discovery gap | Low traffic despite good products | Distribution problem, poor channel mix |
| Browse→Cart gap | High traffic, low cart adds | Product-market fit, pricing, UX issues |
| Cart abandonment | 70%+ abandonment | Surprise costs, complex checkout, trust deficit |
| Repeat purchase gap | One-time buyers don't return | No retention program, poor post-purchase experience |
B2B Services
| Gap Pattern | Symptom | Likely Cause |
|---|---|---|
| Trust gap | Traffic but no inquiries | Insufficient social proof, thought leadership |
| Consultation gap | Leads inquire but don't book | Slow response, friction in booking process |
| Proposal gap | Many proposals, low win rate | Pricing, positioning, or proposal quality |
Gap Severity Scoring
ICE Framework (Impact × Confidence × Ease)
Score each identified gap on three dimensions (1-10):
| Dimension | What It Measures | Scoring Guide |
|---|---|---|
| Impact | How much revenue/growth fixing this gap would unlock | 10 = >50% improvement, 5 = 10-25%, 1 = <5% |
| Confidence | How sure are we this is the real problem and our fix will work | 10 = data-backed, tested before, 5 = educated guess, 1 = speculation |
| Ease | How easy is it to implement the fix | 10 = same day, no dev, 5 = 1-2 weeks, 1 = months + engineering |
ICE Score = (Impact + Confidence + Ease) / 3
Priority Tiers
| ICE Score | Priority | Action |
|---|---|---|
| 8-10 | P1 — Immediate | Fix this week |
| 6-7.9 | P2 — Near-term | Plan for next sprint/month |
| 4-5.9 | P3 — Backlog | Schedule when resources allow |
| <4 | P4 — Monitor | Track but don't invest yet |
Gap-to-Action Mapping
| Gap Type | Recommended Tactics |
|---|---|
| Awareness gap | Content marketing, SEO, paid social, PR, influencer partnerships |
| Consideration gap | Comparison content, case studies, webinars, retargeting |
| Trust gap | Social proof, reviews, media coverage, security certifications |
| Activation gap | Onboarding optimization, in-app guidance, success milestones |
| Conversion gap | CRO, pricing optimization, urgency/scarcity, checkout simplification |
| Retention gap | Email nurture, loyalty programs, feature adoption campaigns |
| Expansion gap | Upsell triggers, usage-based alerts, customer success outreach |
| Referral gap | Referral programs, NPS follow-up, advocacy campaigns |
Measurement Framework
Before/After Tracking
For each gap fix, document:
- Baseline metric: Stage conversion rate before the fix (2-4 weeks of data)
- Fix description: Exactly what was changed
- Implementation date: When the fix went live
- Post-fix metric: Stage conversion rate after the fix (2-4 weeks of data)
- Statistical significance: Was the change significant or within normal variance?
- Revenue impact: Estimated revenue change from the conversion rate improvement
Calculating Revenue Impact of a Gap Fix
Current monthly revenue: $X
Stage conversion rate (before): A%
Stage conversion rate (after): B%
Improvement multiplier: B/A
Estimated revenue uplift = $X × (B/A - 1) × [weight of that stage in overall funnel]
Ongoing Funnel Health Monitoring
- Weekly: Check conversion rates at each stage, flag anomalies
- Monthly: Full funnel analysis, compare to benchmarks, update gap priorities
- Quarterly: Strategic funnel review, reassess architecture, plan next optimization cycle
Supporting file: journey-mapping.md
Customer Journey Mapping — Methodology & Templates
Overview
A systematic approach to mapping every touchpoint, emotion, and decision point in the customer journey from first awareness to post-purchase advocacy.
Journey Mapping Canvas
Stage Structure
| Stage | Customer Goal | Key Questions |
|---|---|---|
| Awareness | Recognize they have a problem | "What's causing this pain?" |
| Consideration | Research solutions | "What options exist?" |
| Decision | Choose a solution | "Which option is best for me?" |
| Purchase | Complete the transaction | "How do I buy this?" |
| Onboarding | Start getting value | "How do I set this up?" |
| Retention | Continue getting value | "Is this still worth it?" |
| Advocacy | Share with others | "Should I recommend this?" |
Per-Stage Documentation
For each stage, document:
- Touchpoints: Every interaction (ad seen, email received, page visited, call made)
- Channels: Where the interaction happens (Google, social, email, in-person, in-product)
- Actions: What the customer does (searches, clicks, downloads, talks to sales)
- Emotions: How they feel (frustrated, curious, excited, anxious, confident)
- Pain Points: What friction or confusion they experience
- Questions: What they need to know at this stage
- Content Needs: What content supports their decision at this stage
- KPIs: How we measure success at this stage
Emotion Mapping Framework
Emotion Scoring (-5 to +5)
| Score | Emotion State | Description |
|---|---|---|
| +5 | Delighted | Exceeds expectations, "wow" moment |
| +3 | Satisfied | Needs met smoothly |
| +1 | Neutral-positive | Adequate experience |
| 0 | Neutral | No strong feeling |
| -1 | Mildly frustrated | Minor friction or confusion |
| -3 | Frustrated | Significant friction, considering alternatives |
| -5 | Angry | Major failure, likely to churn/complain |
Map emotion scores across the full journey to identify:
- Peaks: Moments of delight to reinforce and amplify
- Valleys: Moments of frustration to fix or mitigate
- Transitions: Stage boundaries where emotion shifts most dramatically
Touchpoint Catalog
Digital Touchpoints
- Search results (organic + paid)
- Social media posts/ads
- Website pages (homepage, product, pricing, blog)
- Email (marketing, transactional, support)
- Chat (live chat, chatbot)
- Reviews and ratings sites
- Webinars/events
- In-app experience
- Push notifications
Human Touchpoints
- Sales calls/demos
- Customer support interactions
- Account management
- Onboarding sessions
- Community interactions
- In-person events
Brand Touchpoints
- PR/media coverage
- Word-of-mouth/referrals
- Influencer content
- Partner/co-marketing
- Packaging/unboxing (physical products)
Moment of Truth Identification
Types of Moments of Truth
| Moment | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Zero MoT (Google) | First search/discovery | Brand appears in search results |
| First MoT | First direct interaction | Landing page visit, free trial signup |
| Second MoT | Product experience | Using the product for the first time |
| Ultimate MoT | Sharing experience | Customer writes review or refers a friend |
Identifying YOUR Key Moments
Ask: "If we could only optimize 3 touchpoints, which would move the most customers forward?"
Score each touchpoint: Influence on conversion × Current performance gap = Priority
B2B vs B2C Journey Differences
| Dimension | B2C | B2B |
|---|---|---|
| Decision makers | 1 (individual) | 3-10 (buying committee) |
| Journey length | Minutes to days | Weeks to months |
| Emotion role | Primary driver | Important but secondary to ROI |
| Content needs | Reviews, social proof, visuals | Case studies, ROI calculators, demos |
| Key touchpoints | Ad → Landing → Checkout | Content → Demo → Proposal → Contract |
| Post-purchase | Review, repeat purchase | Onboarding, expansion, renewal |
B2B Buying Committee Personas
Map separate journey lanes for:
- Champion: Internal advocate, researches solutions
- Decision Maker: Budget authority, needs ROI justification
- Influencer: Technical evaluator, needs proof of capability
- End User: Daily user, needs ease-of-use evidence
- Blocker: Risk-averse stakeholder, needs security/compliance proof
Journey Visualization
Recommended Format
Stage: [Awareness] → [Consideration] → [Decision] → [Purchase] → [Onboarding] → [Retention]
Touchpts: [Ad, Blog] [Demo, Email] [Proposal] [Checkout] [Setup, Call] [Product]
Actions: [Search] [Compare] [Evaluate] [Buy] [Configure] [Use]
Emotions: [Curious +2] [Hopeful +3] [Anxious -1] [Excited +4] [Confused -2] [Satisfied +3]
Pain Pts: [Too many [Hard to [Pricing [Form too [Setup too [Feature
options] compare] unclear] long] complex] missing]
Visualization Best Practices
- Use a single horizontal timeline (left to right)
- Color-code emotion (green for positive, red for negative)
- Mark critical moments of truth with callouts
- Include actual customer quotes where available
- Keep it to one page for executive consumption
- Create a detailed version and a summary version
Supporting file: sales-marketing-alignment.md
Sales-Marketing Alignment — SMarketing Framework & Operations
A comprehensive reference for building operational alignment between sales and marketing. Covers shared funnel definitions, service level agreements, lead handoff processes, feedback loops, RevOps implementation, and ready-to-use templates.
Shared Funnel Definitions
Every misalignment starts with marketing and sales defining the same terms differently. Lock these definitions before anything else.
Funnel Stage Definitions
| Stage | Definition | Criteria | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visitor | Anonymous individual who reaches any owned property | Page view or app session with no identifying info | Marketing |
| Lead | Known individual who has provided contact information | Form fill, signup, chat initiation, or data enrichment match | Marketing |
| MQL (Marketing Qualified Lead) | Lead demonstrating sufficient fit + engagement to warrant sales attention | Meets lead scoring threshold (demographic fit + behavioral signals) | Marketing |
| SQL (Sales Qualified Lead) | Lead accepted by sales as worth pursuing after initial qualification | Sales rep confirms budget, need, or active evaluation via first contact | Sales |
| Opportunity | Active deal in pipeline with defined timeline and stakeholders | Discovery call completed, requirements documented, decision-maker identified | Sales |
| Customer | Closed deal, signed contract, first payment received | Contract executed or first purchase completed | Sales (handoff to CS) |
| Advocate | Customer who actively refers, reviews, or promotes | NPS 9-10, referral given, case study participant, or public review | Customer Success + Marketing |
Transition Triggers
| Transition | Trigger Event | SLA |
|---|---|---|
| Visitor to Lead | Identifies themselves (form, signup, chat) | Instant (automated) |
| Lead to MQL | Reaches lead score threshold | Within 1 business hour of scoring |
| MQL to SQL | Sales rep accepts and makes first contact | Within 4 business hours of MQL notification |
| SQL to Opportunity | Discovery call completed, confirmed fit | Within 5 business days of SQL acceptance |
| Opportunity to Customer | Contract signed, payment processed | Per sales cycle benchmarks |
| Customer to Advocate | Achieves success metrics + engagement signals | Triggered at 90 days post-onboarding |
Service Level Agreements (SLAs)
Marketing SLA to Sales
Marketing commits to delivering a specified volume and quality of leads each period.
| Metric | Target | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| MQL volume | [N] MQLs per month (calculated from revenue target backward) | CRM/MAP MQL count |
| MQL quality score | Average lead score of [X]+ for all MQLs passed | Lead scoring system average |
| MQL-to-SQL acceptance rate | > 60% of MQLs accepted by sales as SQLs | CRM stage conversion |
| Lead data completeness | 100% have email, name, company; 80% have phone, title, company size | CRM field audit |
| Delivery timing | MQLs routed within 1 hour of qualifying | Automation timestamp audit |
| Content support | Sales enablement content updated monthly; new assets for each campaign | Content calendar compliance |
Sales SLA to Marketing
Sales commits to working every qualified lead with speed and consistency, and providing structured feedback.
| Metric | Target | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Speed-to-lead | First outreach within 4 business hours of MQL notification | CRM activity timestamp |
| Follow-up cadence | Minimum 6 touches over 14 days before disqualifying | Sequence/cadence completion rate |
| Disposition every MQL | 100% of MQLs marked as accepted, disqualified, or recycled within 5 business days | CRM disposition audit |
| Disqualification feedback | Reason code required for every rejected MQL | CRM picklist completion |
| CRM hygiene | All opportunities have stage, amount, close date, and next step updated weekly | CRM data quality score |
| Win/loss feedback | Reason recorded for every closed-won and closed-lost within 48 hours | CRM close reason field |
SLA Calculation: From Revenue Target to MQL Target
Work backward from the revenue goal to determine how many MQLs marketing must deliver.
REVENUE TARGET: $1,000,000 / quarter
AVERAGE DEAL SIZE: $25,000
DEALS NEEDED: 40
WIN RATE: 25%
OPPORTUNITIES NEEDED: 160
SQL-TO-OPPORTUNITY RATE: 50%
SQLs NEEDED: 320
MQL-TO-SQL RATE: 60%
MQLs NEEDED: 534 per quarter (178/month)
Lead Handoff Process
MQL Scoring Criteria
| Category | Signal | Points |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic Fit | ||
| Title matches ICP | VP, Director, C-suite in target function | +20 |
| Company size matches ICP | 50-500 employees (adjust to your ICP) | +15 |
| Industry matches ICP | Target verticals | +10 |
| Geography | Target markets | +5 |
| Behavioral Signals | ||
| Pricing page visit | Viewed pricing page | +15 |
| Demo request | Submitted demo/trial form | +25 |
| Content engagement (high-intent) | Downloaded case study, ROI calculator, comparison guide | +10 each |
| Content engagement (low-intent) | Blog visit, social engagement | +2 each |
| Email engagement | Opened 3+ emails in 30 days | +5 |
| Repeat visits | 3+ sessions in 7 days | +10 |
| Negative Signals | ||
| Competitor employee | Works at a known competitor | -50 |
| Student / personal email | .edu or free email domain (if targeting enterprise) | -20 |
| Unsubscribed | Opted out of email | -30 |
| No engagement in 30 days | Score decay for inactivity | -5 per week |
MQL threshold: 50 points (adjust based on your MQL-to-SQL acceptance rate; target 60%+ acceptance)
Routing Rules
| Condition | Assignment |
|---|---|
| Enterprise (500+ employees) | Enterprise AE by territory |
| Mid-market (50-499 employees) | Mid-market AE by round-robin |
| SMB (< 50 employees) | SDR team for qualification, then AE |
| Named account on target list | Assigned account owner (regardless of lead score) |
| Partner referral | Partner sales team |
| Existing customer (upsell signal) | Account manager / CSM |
Speed-to-Lead Benchmarks
| Response Time | Qualification Rate Impact |
|---|---|
| < 5 minutes | Baseline (100% of expected conversion) |
| 5-30 minutes | 80% of expected conversion |
| 30-60 minutes | 60% of expected conversion |
| 1-24 hours | 35% of expected conversion |
| > 24 hours | 10% of expected conversion |
The data is unambiguous: leads contacted within 5 minutes are 9x more likely to convert than leads contacted after 30 minutes.
Re-Queue Conditions
| Condition | Action |
|---|---|
| Sales cannot reach after 6 attempts over 14 days | Return to marketing nurture; re-enter MQL queue if score rises again |
| Lead is interested but timing is wrong (6+ months out) | Place in long-term nurture; set CRM reminder for re-engagement |
| Lead is qualified but wrong persona | Route to correct sales team/segment |
| Lead needs more education | Return to marketing with specific content recommendations from sales |
Feedback Loops
Sales-to-Marketing Content Requests
| Request Type | Turnaround Target | Format |
|---|---|---|
| Objection-handling content | 1 week | One-pager, email snippet, or talk track |
| Competitive battlecard | 2 weeks | Structured comparison document |
| Case study for specific vertical/use case | 3-4 weeks | Full case study with customer approval |
| Product update positioning | 1 week from release | Messaging document + email template |
| Event/webinar support | 3 weeks before event | Landing page, email sequence, social posts |
Closed-Loop Reporting
For every closed deal (won or lost), track which marketing touchpoints influenced the journey:
DEAL: [Company Name]
OUTCOME: Won / Lost
DEAL SIZE: $[X]
SALES CYCLE: [X days]
LEAD SOURCE: [First touch attribution]
MARKETING TOUCHPOINTS:
- [Date] [Touchpoint 1: e.g., Downloaded whitepaper]
- [Date] [Touchpoint 2: e.g., Attended webinar]
- [Date] [Touchpoint 3: e.g., Clicked email CTA]
SALES TOUCHPOINTS:
- [Date] [Activity 1: e.g., SDR cold call]
- [Date] [Activity 2: e.g., AE demo]
DISQUALIFICATION REASON (if lost): [Reason code + notes]
COMPETITOR (if lost): [Who they chose]
WINNING FACTOR (if won): [What tipped the decision]
Disqualification Reason Codes
| Code | Reason | Marketing Action |
|---|---|---|
| DQ-01 | No budget | Nurture with ROI content; re-engage next fiscal year |
| DQ-02 | No authority (wrong persona) | Refine targeting criteria and lead scoring |
| DQ-03 | No need (problem doesn't exist) | Review content targeting; tighten ICP definition |
| DQ-04 | Bad timing (> 6 months) | Long-term nurture sequence |
| DQ-05 | Competitor chosen | Feed to competitive intelligence; review positioning |
| DQ-06 | Bad data (wrong contact info, spam) | Audit lead sources; tighten form validation |
| DQ-07 | Too small / not ICP | Adjust scoring; consider self-serve path |
Shared Metrics Dashboard
Primary Alignment Metrics
| Metric | Formula | Target | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marketing-sourced pipeline | Total pipeline value from marketing-generated leads | 40-60% of total pipeline | Joint |
| Marketing-influenced revenue | Closed revenue where marketing touched the journey | 60-80% of total revenue | Joint |
| Lead-to-customer rate | Customers / Total leads | Industry-dependent (SaaS: 2-5%) | Joint |
| MQL-to-SQL acceptance rate | SQLs / MQLs | > 60% | Marketing quality indicator |
| SQL-to-opportunity rate | Opportunities / SQLs | > 50% | Sales quality indicator |
| Speed-to-lead | Median time from MQL to first sales touch | < 1 hour | Sales |
| Sales cycle length | Median days from SQL to close | Benchmark against prior quarters | Joint |
| Average deal size | Revenue / Deals | Benchmark against prior quarters | Joint |
| CAC by channel | Total acquisition cost / Customers by channel | Decreasing quarter-over-quarter | Joint |
Meeting Cadence
Daily: Pipeline Standup (15 minutes)
- Who: SDR team lead + marketing campaign manager
- Agenda: Yesterday's MQLs delivered, today's follow-up priorities, any lead quality flags
- Output: Real-time routing adjustments, immediate feedback on campaign quality
Weekly: Campaign Performance Review (30 minutes)
- Who: Marketing ops + sales ops + 1 AE representative
- Agenda: MQL volume and quality this week, campaign performance by source, lead disposition rates, content requests
- Output: Weekly scorecard, content request queue updates
Monthly: Funnel Health Review (60 minutes)
- Who: VP Marketing + VP Sales + RevOps
- Agenda: Full-funnel conversion rates, SLA compliance, pipeline coverage ratio, attribution analysis, competitive intelligence debrief
- Output: Monthly alignment report, SLA adjustments, resource allocation decisions
Quarterly: Strategic Planning (Half-day)
- Who: CMO + CRO + RevOps + team leads
- Agenda: Revenue target review, ICP refinement, scoring model recalibration, campaign planning, technology stack evaluation, SLA renegotiation
- Output: Updated SLAs, next-quarter campaign calendar, ICP documentation, scoring model changes
Common Misalignment Patterns
Diagnostic Framework
| Symptom | Marketing Says | Sales Says | Root Cause | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low conversion | "We generate enough leads" | "Leads are garbage" | MQL criteria too loose; lead scoring not calibrated | Joint scoring workshop; recalibrate with closed-deal data |
| Pipeline shortfall | "We hit MQL targets" | "Not enough pipeline" | MQLs don't convert to opportunities | Tighten demographic scoring; add intent signals |
| Long sales cycles | "Leads are well-nurtured" | "Leads aren't ready to buy" | Content nurture doesn't address buying objections | Map content to buyer journey stages; include sales input on topics |
| High CAC | "We need more budget" | "We need better leads, not more" | Channel mix includes low-quality sources | Analyze CAC by channel; cut underperformers; reinvest in proven channels |
| Revenue miss despite volume | "We delivered 120% of MQL target" | "Win rate dropped 15%" | Quantity over quality trade-off | Shift MQL target to quality-weighted metric; implement MQL-to-revenue tracking |
Revenue Operations (RevOps)
What RevOps Is
RevOps is a centralized function that owns the processes, technology, data, and reporting across marketing, sales, and customer success. It eliminates the operational silos that cause misalignment.
Key RevOps Responsibilities
| Domain | Responsibilities |
|---|---|
| Process | Funnel stage definitions, lead routing rules, handoff processes, SLA management |
| Technology | CRM, MAP, sales engagement, attribution, BI tools — unified stack governance |
| Data | Single source of truth for pipeline, conversion, and revenue metrics; data hygiene |
| Reporting | Shared dashboards, funnel analytics, attribution, forecasting |
| Enablement | Cross-functional process training, playbook documentation, new hire onboarding |
RevOps Implementation Phases
| Phase | Timeline | Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation | Months 1-2 | Audit current state; document existing processes; identify gaps; define funnel stages |
| Unification | Months 3-4 | Integrate CRM + MAP; build shared dashboards; implement lead scoring; define SLAs |
| Optimization | Months 5-6 | Launch SLA tracking; implement closed-loop reporting; establish meeting cadence |
| Maturity | Ongoing | Predictive scoring; attribution modeling; revenue forecasting; continuous process improvement |
Templates
SLA Document Structure
SALES-MARKETING SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT
Effective Date: [Date]
Review Cadence: Quarterly
REVENUE TARGETS:
- Quarterly revenue goal: $[X]
- Required pipeline coverage: [X]x (e.g., 3x)
MARKETING COMMITMENTS:
- MQL volume: [N] per month
- MQL quality: [X]% acceptance rate target
- Data completeness: [Standards]
- Routing speed: [Timeframe]
- Content delivery: [Cadence and response times]
SALES COMMITMENTS:
- Speed-to-lead: [Timeframe]
- Follow-up cadence: [Minimum touches]
- Disposition deadline: [Timeframe]
- CRM hygiene: [Standards]
- Feedback delivery: [Cadence]
ESCALATION PROCESS:
- SLA breach identified by: [RevOps / automated alert]
- First escalation: [Team lead, within 24 hours]
- Second escalation: [VP level, within 48 hours]
REVIEW AND AMENDMENT:
- Monthly SLA compliance review in funnel health meeting
- Quarterly renegotiation in strategic planning session
- Either party can request emergency review with 48-hour notice
SIGNATURES:
VP Marketing: _____________ Date: _______
VP Sales: _____________ Date: _______
Pipeline Review Agenda
WEEKLY PIPELINE REVIEW — [Date]
1. FUNNEL METRICS (5 min)
- MQLs delivered this week: [N] (target: [N])
- MQL acceptance rate: [X%] (target: 60%+)
- Speed-to-lead median: [X hours] (target: < 4 hours)
2. DEAL INSPECTION (15 min)
- Deals closing this month: [Review top 10 by value]
- Stalled deals (no activity in 14+ days): [Review and assign actions]
- Deals at risk: [Identify and discuss]
3. CAMPAIGN IMPACT (5 min)
- Top performing campaign this week: [Campaign] — [N] MQLs at [X%] acceptance
- Underperforming campaign: [Campaign] — [Issue and recommended action]
4. FEEDBACK LOOP (5 min)
- Content requests from sales: [List]
- Lead quality flags: [Specific issues]
- Competitive intelligence: [What sales is hearing]
ACTION ITEMS:
- [Owner] [Action] [Due date]
Monthly Marketing-Sales Report
MONTHLY ALIGNMENT REPORT — [Month Year]
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
[2-3 sentences on overall alignment health]
MARKETING SLA COMPLIANCE:
| Metric | Target | Actual | Status |
|---------------------|---------|---------|--------|
| MQL volume | [N] | [N] | [Met/Missed] |
| MQL acceptance rate | 60% | [X%] | [Met/Missed] |
| Data completeness | 80% | [X%] | [Met/Missed] |
| Content delivery | On-time | [X/Y] | [Met/Missed] |
SALES SLA COMPLIANCE:
| Metric | Target | Actual | Status |
|---------------------|------------|------------|--------|
| Speed-to-lead | < 4 hours | [X hours] | [Met/Missed] |
| Follow-up cadence | 6 touches | [X avg] | [Met/Missed] |
| Disposition rate | 100% in 5d | [X%] | [Met/Missed] |
| CRM hygiene | Weekly | [X% compliant] | [Met/Missed] |
FUNNEL PERFORMANCE:
| Stage | Volume | Conversion Rate | vs. Prior Month |
|---------------------|--------|-----------------|-----------------|
| Leads | [N] | — | [+/- X%] |
| MQLs | [N] | [X%] | [+/- X%] |
| SQLs | [N] | [X%] | [+/- X%] |
| Opportunities | [N] | [X%] | [+/- X%] |
| Closed-Won | [N] | [X%] | [+/- X%] |
REVENUE ATTRIBUTION:
- Marketing-sourced: $[X] ([X%] of total)
- Marketing-influenced: $[X] ([X%] of total)
- Sales-sourced: $[X] ([X%] of total)
KEY INSIGHTS:
1. [Insight with supporting data]
2. [Insight with supporting data]
3. [Insight with supporting data]
NEXT MONTH PRIORITIES:
1. [Priority + owner]
2. [Priority + owner]
3. [Priority + owner]
Supporting file: skills/context-engine/compliance-rules.md
Compliance Rules Reference
This file is the canonical compliance ruleset for the Digital Marketing Pro plugin. All marketing modules MUST check outputs against these rules before delivery. Rules are structured for programmatic consumption by the context engine.
Section 1: Geographic Privacy Laws
1.1 EU/EEA — General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | European Union / European Economic Area (27 EU member states + Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway) |
| Law | General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) |
| Year Enacted | 2016 (enforced May 25, 2018) |
| Consent Model | Opt-in. Explicit, informed, freely given, specific, and unambiguous consent required before processing personal data. Consent must be as easy to withdraw as to give. Legitimate interest may apply in narrow B2B contexts but requires a documented balancing test. |
| Email Rules | Prior opt-in required for all marketing emails. Soft opt-in exception: existing customers may be emailed about similar products/services if given an easy opt-out at collection and in every message. Every email must include sender identity, physical address, and a functional unsubscribe mechanism honored within 30 days. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | Prior consent required for all non-essential cookies and trackers (ePrivacy Directive). Cookie banners must allow granular choice (accept/reject by category). Pre-ticked boxes are invalid. Analytics cookies require consent unless strictly necessary. Server-side tracking of personal data still requires a lawful basis. |
| Penalty Range | Up to EUR 20 million or 4% of global annual turnover, whichever is higher. Supervisory authorities may also issue warnings, bans on processing, and orders to erase data. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Double opt-in is industry standard. All lead forms need clear consent checkboxes (not bundled). Data Processing Agreements required with every martech vendor. Privacy policy must disclose all data recipients. Cross-border data transfers require adequacy decisions, SCCs, or BCRs. Right to erasure means suppression lists must be maintained. Profiling for ad targeting requires explicit consent or legitimate interest with opt-out. |
1.1b EU/EEA — AI Act Article 50 (Generative AI Disclosure)
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | European Union / European Economic Area |
| Law | Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 — Artificial Intelligence Act, Article 50 (Transparency obligations for providers and deployers of certain AI systems) |
| Applicable | 2 August 2026 (transparency obligations); general-purpose AI obligations applied 2 Aug 2025; high-risk system obligations 2 Aug 2027 |
| Scope | All generative-AI outputs distributed in EU markets — no minimum spend threshold, advertising not exempted. Both providers (AI developers) and deployers (advertisers, brands) bear obligations. |
| Disclosure Requirements | (a) AI-generated or AI-manipulated content must be marked in a machine-readable format using open, interoperable standards. C2PA (Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity) is the emerging backbone. Marking must be technically robust and survive routine processing. (b) Deepfakes (synthetic audio/image/video resembling real persons, objects, places, or events) must be visibly disclosed. (c) AI-generated text on matters of public interest must be disclosed unless human-reviewed and the brand assumes editorial responsibility. |
| Carve-outs | Genuine artistic, satirical, or fictional works are narrowly exempt — applies in limited cases and does not blanket-exempt marketing. |
| Penalty Range | Up to EUR 15 million or 3% of global annual turnover, whichever is higher (transparency obligations). High-risk system breaches up to EUR 35M or 7%. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Any AI-generated ad creative, social image, AI-narrated video, or AI-written long-form copy distributed in the EU must carry machine-readable provenance metadata. Use /digital-marketing-pro:c2pa-metadata to embed a C2PA manifest in any AI-generated image / video / audio / PDF before EU publication. Deepfakes need an additional visible disclosure overlay or audio cue. AI-written editorial pieces need an "AI-assisted" byline unless the human editor assumes full editorial accountability. The pre-publish gate (/digital-marketing-pro:check) verifies C2PA presence on AI-flagged assets in EU-targeted campaigns. |
1.1b.i — Article 50 draft implementing guidelines (May 2026)
The European Commission published draft implementing guidelines for Article 50 on 8 May 2026. The draft is open for public consultation until 3 June 2026; final guidelines are expected July 2026, ahead of the 2 August 2026 enforcement date. The draft clarifies the following points that brands should treat as the working interpretation today:
| Topic | Draft guidance (May 2026) | What this means for marketing |
|---|---|---|
| "Substantial AI manipulation" | Defined as any AI-driven change that alters meaning, identity, or factual claims of a real person, object, place, or event. Routine colour correction, framing, denoising are NOT in scope. | A subject-replacement image swap = substantial manipulation (disclosure). A Lightroom-style retouch = not. |
| "Matters of public interest" | Includes health, elections, finance, government services, public safety, and any topic where a reasonable consumer expects journalistic accuracy. Marketing copy itself is generally not in scope UNLESS it crosses into one of those topics (e.g., health claims, financial product claims). | Generic product copy = no AI disclosure required. AI-generated copy making health, financial, or political claims = disclosure required unless a human editor signs off. |
| Machine-readable marking | C2PA Content Credentials are explicitly named as a "presumption of compliance" pathway. Alternative open-standard markings allowed if technically equivalent. | Continue using C2PA via /digital-marketing-pro:c2pa-metadata. Brands that ship without C2PA must show equivalent provenance — substantially more work. |
| Deepfake visible disclosure | Visible label, watermark, or audio cue must be perceivable at normal viewing/listening distance. Hidden corner overlays in a tiny font are explicitly insufficient. | If you produce a synthetic-talent ad or AI-cloned voice ad for the EU market, the disclosure must be visible from any normal viewing distance. |
| Editorial-responsibility carve-out | Human reviewer must (a) be identifiable, (b) have authority to alter or reject the AI output, (c) have a documented review record. A pure rubber-stamp does not satisfy the carve-out. | ContentForge's Phase 7 reviewer scorecard satisfies (c) but a named human editor must still sign off and that name must be on the published piece (byline, masthead, or accessible "About this article" link). |
| Enforcement priority | National regulators are expected to prioritise (1) deepfakes, (2) AI-generated political/health content, (3) AI-generated content marketed without any provenance metadata at all. Routine commercial creative with C2PA is low priority. | Brands using C2PA across EU-distributed AI assets are in a strong defensive posture even before final guidelines land. |
Action items for brands with EU exposure before 2 August 2026:
- Audit your EU AI-asset inventory now. Catalogue any AI-generated image, video, audio, deepfake-style synthetic content, and AI-written long-form copy distributed to EU users in the last 12 months. Identify which carry C2PA and which don't.
- File a consultation comment by 3 June 2026 if Article 50 will materially affect your operations. The Commission has explicitly asked for industry input on the "substantial manipulation" boundary and the carve-out scope. Brands in regulated sectors (health, finance, automotive, political adjacencies) should weigh in.
- Lock in your C2PA signing-cert procurement. See
docs/c2pa-production-cert-guide.mdfor the four recognised authorities. Allow 2–4 weeks for Adobe Content Credentials approval — start no later than 1 July 2026. - Update your Definition of Done. Any creative produced after 1 July 2026 for EU distribution should be C2PA-signed at production time, not retrofitted at publish time. The pre-publish gate (
/digital-marketing-pro:check) blocks unsigned AI assets for EU-targeted campaigns. - Treat the carve-out as conditional, not a free pass. "Human-reviewed" requires named accountability. Don't claim editorial responsibility unless a named editor is willing to be on the record.
1.2 United States Federal — CAN-SPAM Act
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | United States (federal) |
| Law | Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act (CAN-SPAM) |
| Year Enacted | 2003 (effective January 1, 2004; amended 2008) |
| Consent Model | Opt-out. No prior consent required to send commercial email. Recipients must be given a clear way to opt out, and opt-out requests must be honored within 10 business days. |
| Email Rules | No deceptive subject lines. "From" and "Reply-To" must accurately identify the sender. Every commercial email must include: a clear identification as an advertisement (if applicable), the sender's valid physical postal address, and a conspicuous opt-out mechanism. Purchased lists are legal but opt-out obligations still apply. Transactional emails are exempt if their primary purpose is transactional. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | No federal cookie consent law. Tracking pixels in email are legal. The FTC enforces against deceptive tracking practices under Section 5 of the FTC Act. |
| Penalty Range | Up to $51,744 per violation (per email). ISPs and state attorneys general may also bring actions. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Lower bar than GDPR but strict on opt-out honoring. Affiliate and partner emails count — the brand whose product is promoted is liable. "Sender" definition includes the entity whose product is advertised. Suppression list management is critical. Header manipulation is a criminal offense. |
1.3 California — CCPA / CPRA
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | California, United States |
| Law | California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA, 2018) as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA, 2020; fully operative January 1, 2023) |
| Year Enacted | CCPA: 2018. CPRA amendment: 2020 (enforced 2023). |
| Consent Model | Opt-out for sale/sharing of personal information. Opt-in required for consumers under 16 (under 13 requires parental consent). "Sharing" includes cross-context behavioral advertising. |
| Email Rules | CAN-SPAM governs email. CCPA/CPRA layer on top: consumers can opt out of the "sale" or "sharing" of personal information used for email targeting and personalization. Honoring Global Privacy Control (GPC) signals is required. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | Third-party cookies and ad pixels that share data with ad platforms constitute "sharing" under CPRA. A "Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information" link must be on the website. GPC browser signals must be honored as a valid opt-out. |
| Penalty Range | $2,500 per unintentional violation; $7,500 per intentional violation. Private right of action for data breaches ($100–$750 per consumer per incident). Enforced by the California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA). |
| Key Marketing Impact | Retargeting audiences using third-party data requires opt-out mechanism. Service provider agreements needed with all martech vendors. 12-month lookback on data collection disclosures. "Sensitive personal information" (e.g., geolocation, race, health) triggers additional restrictions — limit use to what is necessary. |
1.4 US State Privacy Laws (Multi-State Summary)
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | United States — 20+ states with enacted comprehensive privacy laws |
| Laws | Virginia (VCDPA, 2023), Colorado (CPA, 2023), Connecticut (CTDPA, 2023), Utah (UCPA, 2023), Iowa (ICDPA, 2025), Indiana (ICDPA, 2026), Tennessee (TIPA, 2025), Montana (MCDPA, 2024), Texas (TDPSA, 2024), Oregon (OCPA, 2024), Delaware (DPDPA, 2025), New Hampshire (SB 255, 2025), New Jersey (SB 332, 2025), Nebraska (NDPA, 2025), Maryland (MODPA, 2025), Minnesota (MCDPA, 2025), Rhode Island (RIDPA, 2026), Kentucky (KCDPA, 2026), Vermont (VDPA, 2025), and others pending. |
| Year Enacted | Rolling: 2021–2026. Most operative between 2023–2026. |
| Consent Model | Generally opt-out for sale of data and targeted advertising. Opt-in for sensitive data processing. Most follow the VCDPA template. Maryland and Minnesota are more restrictive (closer to GDPR's data minimization standard). |
| Email Rules | Defer to CAN-SPAM federally. State laws add data rights (access, deletion, correction, portability) that affect CRM and email list management. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | Most require opt-out rights for targeted advertising (which implicates ad cookies and pixels). Universal opt-out mechanisms (like GPC) are mandated in Colorado, Connecticut, Texas, Montana, Oregon, Delaware, and others. |
| Penalty Range | Typically $7,500–$10,000 per violation. Most enforced by the state Attorney General. Few have private rights of action. Cure periods (30–60 days) are common in early-enacted laws but are being removed in newer laws. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Treat the US as a patchwork. The safest approach is to build to the most restrictive standard (currently Maryland or CPRA) and apply nationally. Universal opt-out signal support is becoming table stakes. Data mapping is essential to know which state laws apply to which consumers. |
1.5 Canada — CASL
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | Canada |
| Law | Canada's Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) |
| Year Enacted | 2014 |
| Consent Model | Opt-in. Express consent required for commercial electronic messages (CEMs). Implied consent exists in limited cases: existing business relationship (within 2 years of purchase, 6 months of inquiry), conspicuous publication of address (if relevant to role), or disclosure via referral. |
| Email Rules | Every CEM must include: sender identification, contact information (physical and digital), and a functional unsubscribe mechanism processed within 10 business days. Consent records must be retained with proof of how and when consent was obtained. Consent requests themselves cannot contain marketing. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | CASL requires consent for installation of programs on devices. Cookie consent is governed by PIPEDA (federal privacy law) — implied consent may suffice for functional/analytics cookies, but tracking for ad targeting should use express consent. |
| Penalty Range | Up to CAD $10 million per violation (individuals: $1 million). CRTC enforces. Private right of action was enacted but enforcement is through administrative monetary penalties. |
| Key Marketing Impact | One of the strictest email laws globally. Implied consent windows are short — CRM must track consent expiry. "Conspicuous publication" is narrow and does not cover scraping. B2B cold outreach is heavily restricted. Referral/tell-a-friend programs require careful structuring. |
1.6 Brazil — LGPD
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | Brazil |
| Law | Lei Geral de Protecao de Dados (LGPD) |
| Year Enacted | 2018 (enforced September 2020; penalties from August 2021) |
| Consent Model | Opt-in. Consent must be free, informed, and unambiguous for a specific purpose. Legitimate interest is available as an alternative basis but requires a Legitimate Interest Assessment (LIA). |
| Email Rules | Consent or legitimate interest required. Unsubscribe must be easy and immediate. Data subjects have rights to access, correction, deletion, and portability. Marketing communications must identify the sender and purpose. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | ANPD (National Data Protection Authority) guidance requires consent for non-essential cookies. Cookie banners with accept/reject options are standard practice. |
| Penalty Range | Up to 2% of revenue in Brazil, capped at BRL 50 million (~USD 10 million) per violation. ANPD may also issue warnings, publicize violations, and block or delete data. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Similar structure to GDPR but with a revenue cap specific to Brazilian operations. Data Protection Officer (DPO) appointment is mandatory. Cross-border transfers require adequacy, contractual safeguards, or consent. Portuguese-language privacy notices required. |
1.7 United Kingdom — UK GDPR + PECR
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | United Kingdom |
| Law | UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) + Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations (PECR) |
| Year Enacted | UK GDPR: 2018 (retained post-Brexit, 2021). PECR: 2003. |
| Consent Model | Opt-in for marketing. PECR requires prior consent for unsolicited marketing emails to individuals. Soft opt-in exception (similar to EU): existing customers can be emailed about similar products if opt-out was offered at collection and in each message. B2B exception: corporate email addresses (e.g., info@company.com (mailto:info@company.com)) may be contacted without prior consent under PECR, but UK GDPR still requires a lawful basis. |
| Email Rules | Same structural requirements as GDPR: sender identity, physical address, unsubscribe. ICO enforces. Unsolicited B2C email without consent is a PECR violation. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | PECR requires prior consent for non-essential cookies. ICO has signaled stricter enforcement. Legitimate interest is not a valid basis for ad cookies under PECR. |
| Penalty Range | UK GDPR: up to GBP 17.5 million or 4% of global turnover. PECR: up to GBP 500,000. ICO enforcement. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Post-Brexit, UK adequacy decision from the EU allows data flows, but this is subject to review. Data Protection Impact Assessments required for high-risk processing (profiling, large-scale marketing). ICO publishes direct marketing guidance — treat as binding. International transfers require UK-specific transfer mechanisms (UK SCCs, IDTA). |
1.8 Australia — Privacy Act + Spam Act
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | Australia |
| Law | Privacy Act 1988 (Australian Privacy Principles) + Spam Act 2003 |
| Year Enacted | Privacy Act: 1988 (APPs added 2014). Spam Act: 2003. |
| Consent Model | Opt-in under the Spam Act for commercial electronic messages. Consent can be express or inferred (from an existing business relationship or conspicuous publication). The Privacy Act uses a "reasonable expectation" standard for use of personal information. |
| Email Rules | Spam Act requires: consent (express or inferred), accurate sender identification, functional unsubscribe honored within 5 business days. Address harvesting and list selling are prohibited. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | No specific cookie consent law currently. The Privacy Act requires transparency about data collection. The government's Privacy Act Review (2023–2025) is expected to introduce stronger consent requirements for tracking — monitor for changes. |
| Penalty Range | Spam Act: up to AUD 2.22 million per day for body corporates. Privacy Act: up to AUD 50 million, 3x the benefit obtained, or 30% of adjusted turnover (whichever is greater) following 2022 amendments. ACMA and OAIC enforce. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Spam Act prohibits address harvesting software and purchased scraped lists. Inferred consent from business relationships is relatively broad but must be documented. The Privacy Act's 2022 penalty increase makes Australia a high-consequence jurisdiction. Cross-border disclosure to overseas recipients requires reasonable steps to ensure compliance. |
1.9 Singapore — PDPA
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | Singapore |
| Law | Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) |
| Year Enacted | 2012 (significant amendments 2021) |
| Consent Model | Opt-in for marketing. Deemed consent applies in limited situations (e.g., voluntarily providing data for a clear purpose). 2021 amendments added "legitimate interest" and "business improvement" exceptions. |
| Email Rules | Do Not Call (DNC) Registry: mandatory to check before sending marketing messages to Singapore numbers/addresses. Opt-out must be free and processed within 10 business days. Sender must be identified. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | No specific cookie consent law. PDPA's consent obligation applies if cookies collect personal data. PDPC advisory guidelines recommend transparency and consent for tracking. |
| Penalty Range | Up to SGD 1 million or 10% of annual turnover in Singapore (whichever is higher, following 2021 amendments). PDPC enforces. |
| Key Marketing Impact | DNC Registry check is mandatory and unique to Singapore — scrub all contact lists. Data breach notification mandatory within 3 days. Data Protection Officers must be appointed. Consent withdrawal must be easy. Cross-border transfers require comparable protection. |
1.10 China — PIPL
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | People's Republic of China |
| Law | Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) |
| Year Enacted | 2021 (effective November 1, 2021) |
| Consent Model | Opt-in. Separate consent required for: sensitive personal information, cross-border transfers, public disclosure, and processing by third parties. Consent must be informed, voluntary, and explicit. |
| Email Rules | Marketing requires consent. Individuals have the right to refuse and withdraw. All processing purposes must be disclosed. No specific email-format statute like CAN-SPAM, but general consent and transparency obligations apply. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | Consent required for collection of personal information via cookies and trackers. Automated decision-making (algorithmic recommendations, targeted ads) must offer an opt-out and a non-personalized alternative. |
| Penalty Range | Up to RMB 50 million (~USD 7 million) or 5% of prior year's revenue. Responsible individuals can be fined up to RMB 1 million and banned from serving as directors/officers. CAC (Cyberspace Administration of China) enforces. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Data localization: personal information of Chinese residents must be stored in China unless a security assessment, standard contract, or certification is completed for cross-border transfer. Separate consent for each purpose. Personal Information Protection Impact Assessments required for sensitive data, automated decision-making, and cross-border transfers. Local DPO or representative required if processing from outside China. |
1.11 India — DPDPA
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | India |
| Law | Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023, operationalised by the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules 2025 (notified by MeitY 3 Jan 2025; phased commencement through 2025-2026). |
| Year Enacted | 2023 (Rules 2025 finalised; consult MeitY notification for the phase-by-phase commencement schedule before designing for India). |
| Consent Model | Opt-in. Consent must be free, specific, informed, unconditional, and unambiguous, and must be requested in clear, plain language. Notice must accompany or precede the consent request (Rule 3). "Deemed consent" was removed in the 2023 Act and replaced with "Certain Legitimate Uses" (Section 7) — narrower than the 2022 draft. |
| Email Rules | Marketing requires verifiable consent. Withdrawal must be as easy as giving consent. The Consent Manager framework (registered entities that intermediate consent on behalf of Data Principals) is now live under Rule 4 — Data Fiduciaries handling material volumes should integrate with at least one registered Consent Manager. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | Cookie / SDK-based tracking that identifies a Data Principal is processing of personal data and requires DPDPA-compliant consent. The Rules do not carve out cookies; rely on the general processing-with-consent obligation. EU-style banner UX is the safest pattern. |
| Penalty Range | Up to INR 250 crore (~USD 30 million) per instance of non-compliance. No percentage-of-revenue calculation. The Data Protection Board of India (constituted under Rule 16 et seq) enforces and adjudicates. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Children's data (under 18) requires verifiable parental consent, and the Act prohibits targeted advertising and behavioural tracking directed at children — design age-gating and parental-consent flows before launching India campaigns to under-18 audiences. Cross-border transfers are permitted by default; Government may notify restricted countries by gazette (none broadly restricted as of May 2026 — verify before launch). Significant Data Fiduciaries (designated by the Government based on volume / sensitivity / risk) carry additional obligations: appoint an India-resident Data Protection Officer, conduct annual Data Protection Impact Assessments, and undergo periodic audits. Breach notification to the Board and affected Data Principals is mandatory without delay (Rule 7). |
1.12 Japan — APPI
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | Japan |
| Law | Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI) |
| Year Enacted | 2003 (major amendments 2017, 2022) |
| Consent Model | Opt-in for provision to third parties and for use beyond the stated purpose. Opt-out mechanism available for third-party provision if registered with the PPC (Personal Information Protection Commission). 2022 amendments tightened opt-out rules and expanded individual rights. |
| Email Rules | Specified Electronic Mail Act: opt-in required for commercial email. Sender ID and unsubscribe required. APPI requires specifying the purpose of use at collection. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | 2022 amendments: "individually referable information" (e.g., cookie IDs that can be linked to personal info by a recipient) requires consent when provided to third parties. Cookie walls are discouraged. |
| Penalty Range | Criminal penalties for certain violations (up to JPY 100 million for corporations). PPC can issue orders and recommendations. Reputational enforcement is significant in Japan. 2022 amendments increased penalties. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Japan has an EU adequacy decision (mutual), facilitating EU-Japan data flows. Pseudonymized data has a specific legal regime — can be used for internal analytics without consent but cannot be provided to third parties. Breach notification to PPC and affected individuals is mandatory. "Individually referable information" concept means cookie syncing and DMP practices need consent. |
1.13 South Korea — PIPA
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | South Korea |
| Law | Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA) |
| Year Enacted | 2011 (major amendments 2023, effective 2024) |
| Consent Model | Opt-in. Among the strictest globally. Consent must be separate from other terms, clearly distinguishable, and specific. Separate consent required for: collection, use, third-party provision, and cross-border transfer. |
| Email Rules | Opt-in required. The Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization governs electronic marketing — consent must be verifiable, and opt-out must be honored immediately. Nighttime marketing (9 PM–8 AM) is restricted. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | 2023 amendments introduced a framework for pseudonymized data and behavioral advertising. Consent required for tracking that constitutes personal information processing. Online behavioral advertising requires notice and opt-out. |
| Penalty Range | Up to 3% of relevant revenue or KRW 600 million. Criminal penalties possible (up to 5 years imprisonment). PIPC (Personal Information Protection Commission) enforces. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Very granular consent requirements — separate checkboxes for each purpose and each third-party recipient. Nighttime contact restrictions are unique and must be coded into send-time logic. Resident Registration Numbers are highly restricted. 2023 amendments expanded extraterritorial reach and data subject rights. Cross-border transfer rules tightened. |
1.14 Saudi Arabia — PDPL
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
| Law | Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL) |
| Year Enacted | 2021 (implementing regulations 2023; grace period until September 2024) |
| Consent Model | Opt-in. Consent must be explicit, informed, and freely given. Legitimate interest basis available but narrow. Sensitive data (health, financial, location, biometric, religious/ethnic data) requires explicit consent. |
| Email Rules | Marketing requires consent. Data subjects must be informed of the purpose before collection. Right to object to direct marketing. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | General consent obligation applies to collection of personal data via cookies. Specific cookie regulations expected as implementing rules evolve. |
| Penalty Range | Up to SAR 5 million (~USD 1.3 million). Criminal penalties for unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data (up to 2 years imprisonment). SDAIA (Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority) and NCC enforce. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Data localization: personal data of Saudi residents must be stored and processed in Saudi Arabia unless transfer conditions are met (adequacy, appropriate safeguards, or consent with risk disclosure). Arabic-language privacy notices likely required. DPO appointment required for certain controllers. Data breach notification within 72 hours. |
1.15 UAE — Federal Decree-Law No. 45
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | United Arab Emirates (federal, outside free zones) |
| Law | Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 on the Protection of Personal Data |
| Year Enacted | 2021 (implementing regulations issued 2023–2024) |
| Consent Model | Opt-in. Consent must be clear, specific, informed, and unambiguous. Legitimate interest basis available. Sensitive data requires explicit consent. |
| Email Rules | Marketing requires consent or a legitimate interest basis. Right to object to direct marketing at any time. Free zone regulations (DIFC, ADGM) have their own data protection laws that may apply instead. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | General consent obligation for personal data processing extends to cookies and tracking. Await implementing regulations for specifics. |
| Penalty Range | Up to AED 20 million (~USD 5.4 million). UAE Data Office enforces. DIFC Commissioner and ADGM have separate penalty regimes for free zone entities. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Three overlapping regimes: federal law, DIFC (own law modeled on GDPR), and ADGM (own regulations). Determine which applies based on entity registration and data subject location. Cross-border transfer requires adequacy, contractual safeguards, or consent. Arabic-language notices advisable. Free zone entities should follow zone-specific rules which may be stricter. |
1.16 Thailand — PDPA
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Region | Thailand |
| Law | Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) |
| Year Enacted | 2019 (fully enforced June 1, 2022) |
| Consent Model | Opt-in. Consent must be freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous. Legitimate interest available as an alternative basis. Explicit consent required for sensitive data. Consent must be as easy to withdraw as to give. |
| Email Rules | Direct marketing requires consent or legitimate interest with opt-out. Right to object to marketing at any time. Sender identification required. |
| Cookie/Tracking Rules | Consent required for non-essential cookies. Thailand PDPA Committee guidance recommends cookie banners with granular choice. Functional and strictly necessary cookies may rely on legitimate interest. |
| Penalty Range | Administrative fines up to THB 5 million (~USD 140,000). Criminal penalties up to THB 1 million and/or 1 year imprisonment for certain violations. Punitive damages up to 2x actual damages in civil cases. PDPA Committee and Expert Committee enforce. |
| Key Marketing Impact | Structure is very similar to GDPR. DPO required for certain controllers. Data breach notification within 72 hours. Cross-border transfers require adequacy, appropriate safeguards, or consent. Thai-language privacy notices for Thai data subjects. Record of processing activities required. |
Section 2: Industry-Specific Regulations
2.1 Healthcare — HIPAA / FDA
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Industry | Healthcare, Health Services, Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices |
| Regulation | HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 1996); FDA regulations on drug/device advertising (21 CFR Parts 202, 801, 812) |
| Regulatory Body | HHS (Office for Civil Rights) for HIPAA; FDA for drug/device advertising; FTC for general health claims |
| Prohibited Claims | No claims of cure, treatment, prevention, or diagnosis unless FDA-approved for that indication. No off-label promotion. No misleading efficacy statistics. No patient testimonials implying guaranteed outcomes. |
| Required Disclaimers | Rx drug ads: fair balance of risk/benefit information, major side effects, contraindications. DTC ads: "Ask your doctor" language, brief summary or adequate provision. Medical device ads: intended use, material risks. |
| Marketing Restrictions | PHI (Protected Health Information) cannot be used for marketing without HIPAA-compliant authorization. Treatment communications and healthcare operations are exceptions. Business Associate Agreements required with all martech vendors touching PHI. Patient testimonials require written authorization and cannot guarantee outcomes. |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Flag any health outcome claims. Require "consult your healthcare provider" disclaimer. Block PHI in ad copy, landing pages, and email personalization. Require fair balance when mentioning Rx products. Flag superlatives ("best," "safest," "most effective") in health contexts. |
2.2 Finance — SEC / FINRA
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Industry | Financial Services, Banking, Investment, Insurance, Cryptocurrency |
| Regulation | SEC Rule 206(4)-1 (Marketing Rule, 2022); FINRA Rules 2210, 2241; TILA (Truth in Lending); UDAP/UDAAP |
| Regulatory Body | SEC, FINRA, CFPB, OCC, State regulators |
| Prohibited Claims | No guarantees of investment returns. No promissory statements ("you will earn"). No cherry-picked performance without full context. No testimonials/endorsements without required disclosures (SEC Marketing Rule). No misleading use of "guaranteed" or "risk-free" for investments. |
| Required Disclaimers | "Past performance is not indicative of future results." APR disclosure for credit products (TILA). FDIC/SIPC membership disclosures where applicable. Material risks of investment. Fees and expenses disclosure. "Not FDIC insured, may lose value" for non-deposit products. |
| Marketing Restrictions | Performance advertising must show net-of-fee returns, 1/5/10-year or since-inception periods, and benchmark comparison. Hypothetical performance requires extensive disclaimers and cannot be shown in mass-market ads (SEC Marketing Rule). Crypto marketing: no implication of government backing, must disclose volatility risks. Pre-approval/review required by compliance department for all communications. |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Flag return claims, guarantee language, and "risk-free" terminology. Require performance disclaimer on any content mentioning returns. Flag testimonials and require SEC-compliant disclosure. Block hyperbolic claims ("best returns," "guaranteed income"). Require APR disclosure near any credit/loan rate mention. |
2.3 Legal — Bar Association Rules
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Industry | Legal Services, Law Firms, Legal Tech |
| Regulation | ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct (Rules 7.1–7.3); State bar advertising rules (vary by state) |
| Regulatory Body | State bar associations, State supreme courts |
| Prohibited Claims | No guarantees of case outcomes. No misleading comparisons with other lawyers. No claims of specialization unless certified by an approved organization. No implication of results in future cases based on past results. |
| Required Disclaimers | Many states require: "Advertising Material" label on solicitation. Past results disclaimer ("Past results do not guarantee future outcomes"). Fee basis disclosure. Office location disclosure. State-specific required language varies significantly. |
| Marketing Restrictions | Direct solicitation restrictions (no in-person solicitation for profit in most states). Some states require pre-filing of ads with the bar. Testimonials and endorsements must be truthful and not misleading. Dramatizations must be labeled. Use of "specialist" or "expert" restricted in most states. |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Flag outcome guarantees and success rate claims. Require "results may vary" / "past results do not guarantee future outcomes." Flag "specialist" / "expert" claims and require certification disclosure. Flag direct solicitation language. Require jurisdiction identification. |
2.4 Alcohol — TTB
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Industry | Alcoholic Beverages (beer, wine, spirits) |
| Regulation | Federal Alcohol Administration Act; TTB regulations (27 CFR Parts 4, 5, 7); State ABC laws |
| Regulatory Body | TTB (Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau); State Alcohol Beverage Control boards |
| Prohibited Claims | No health claims ("good for you," "heart-healthy"). No claims of intoxicating effect as a selling point. No targeting or appeal to minors. No false origin claims. No disparagement of competitors. No government endorsement implication. |
| Required Disclaimers | Mandatory health warning on labels (Surgeon General's warning). Responsible drinking messaging encouraged/required by industry codes. ABV and origin disclosures on labels and in many ad formats. |
| Marketing Restrictions | Age-gating required on digital platforms (70% adult audience threshold for ad placement per industry codes). No use of cartoon characters, Santa Claus, or imagery appealing to minors. Platform-specific age restrictions apply. State-by-state rules on promotions, contests, and tied-house restrictions. |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Require age-gate on landing pages and social content. Flag health benefit claims. Require responsible drinking language ("Drink Responsibly," "21+ only"). Block content that appeals to minors (cartoons, child-associated imagery, school settings). Flag claims about intoxication level or speed. |
2.5 Cannabis — State Laws
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Industry | Cannabis, CBD, Hemp Products |
| Regulation | No federal legalization (Schedule I under CSA); state-by-state licensing and advertising laws; 2018 Farm Bill (hemp/CBD) |
| Regulatory Body | State cannabis regulatory agencies; FDA (for CBD ingestibles); FTC (for advertising claims) |
| Prohibited Claims | No medical/health claims for cannabis or CBD unless FDA-approved (only Epidiolex as of 2025). No claims targeting minors. No false potency or composition claims. No "FDA approved" language. |
| Required Disclaimers | State-specific warnings (e.g., California Prop 65, Colorado THC warnings). "For use only by adults 21+" (or state-specific age). "Keep out of reach of children." Many states require license number in advertising. |
| Marketing Restrictions | Most states prohibit: billboards near schools, advertising on platforms with less than 71.6% adult audience, cartoon characters, lifestyle imagery suggesting safety. Some states require pre-approval of ads. Digital advertising severely restricted — most major platforms (Google, Meta, Amazon) prohibit paid cannabis ads. Email marketing is primary channel but must comply with state opt-in rules. |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Block all health/medical claims. Require 21+ age disclaimer. Require state-specific warning language. Flag any content that could appeal to minors. Block from major paid ad platforms. Flag cross-state marketing (different rules per state). Require license number disclosure. |
2.6 Real Estate — Fair Housing Act
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Industry | Real Estate, Property Management, Mortgage, Rental |
| Regulation | Fair Housing Act (FHA); HUD advertising guidelines; State fair housing laws; Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) for lending |
| Regulatory Body | HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development); State fair housing agencies; CFPB (for lending) |
| Prohibited Claims | No statements indicating preference, limitation, or discrimination based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex (including gender identity and sexual orientation per HUD 2021), familial status, or disability. |
| Required Disclaimers | Equal Housing Opportunity logo or statement in all advertising. ECOA disclosures for mortgage marketing. State-specific fair housing language. |
| Marketing Restrictions | Ad targeting cannot exclude protected classes (see Meta's Special Ad Category, Google's Housing category restrictions). Words/phrases to avoid: "exclusive neighborhood," "family-friendly" (implies no children preference), "walking distance to church" (religious preference), "master bedroom" (being phased out). Images must reflect diversity. HUD advertising guidelines provide detailed word lists. Digital ad targeting restrictions apply on all major platforms. |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Flag protected-class language (race, religion, familial status, disability references as preference). Require Equal Housing Opportunity statement. Flag exclusionary targeting criteria. Flag phrases from HUD's discriminatory language list. Require Special Ad Category selection on Meta/Google. Block demographic exclusion in audience targeting. |
2.7 Education — FERPA
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Industry | Education, EdTech, Student Services |
| Regulation | FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act); FTC Act (for marketing claims); State education privacy laws; COPPA (if under 13) |
| Regulatory Body | Department of Education (SPPO); FTC; State AGs |
| Prohibited Claims | No guaranteed employment outcomes unless substantiated. No misleading graduation rate claims. No false accreditation claims. Gainful Employment Rule requires outcome disclosures for certain programs. |
| Required Disclaimers | Accreditation status and type. Outcome disclosures (graduation rates, median debt, employment rates) for vocational programs. Financial aid disclosures. Net price calculator requirement for Title IV institutions. |
| Marketing Restrictions | Student education records (grades, enrollment, financial aid) cannot be used for marketing without consent. Directory information can be disclosed but students can opt out. EdTech vendors must limit data use to educational purposes. Incentive compensation ban: cannot pay recruiters based on enrollment numbers. |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Flag employment/salary guarantee claims. Require accreditation disclosure. Block use of student records for marketing personalization without consent. Flag "guaranteed job placement" language. Require outcome statistic sourcing. Flag incentive-based recruitment language. |
2.8 Children's Products — COPPA
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Industry | Products/Services Directed at Children Under 13 (and under 16/18 in some jurisdictions) |
| Regulation | COPPA (Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, 1998; updated rule 2013; proposed amendments 2024); FTC Act; State laws (e.g., California Age-Appropriate Design Code) |
| Regulatory Body | FTC; State AGs; International equivalents (UK ICO Age Appropriate Design Code) |
| Prohibited Claims | No deceptive advertising to children. No pressure tactics or urgency manipulation ("buy now before it's gone") directed at children. No blurring of content and advertising (e.g., advergames without clear disclosure). |
| Required Disclaimers | Clear "Ad" or "Sponsored" labeling in content directed at children. Parental consent disclosures for data collection. |
| Marketing Restrictions | Verifiable parental consent (VPC) required before collecting personal info from children under 13. No behavioral advertising targeting children. No push notifications to children encouraging purchases. No collection of geolocation data from children without parental consent. Platforms directed at children must have robust age verification. CARU (Children's Advertising Review Unit) self-regulatory guidelines apply. |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Flag any content targeting users under 13 and require COPPA compliance review. Block behavioral ad targeting for children's audiences. Require parental consent mechanisms for data collection. Flag manipulative design patterns (dark patterns) in children's contexts. Block geolocation collection for child-directed services. Flag influencer content targeting children without clear ad disclosure. |
2.9 Supplements — FDA / FTC
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Industry | Dietary Supplements, Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods |
| Regulation | DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, 1994); FTC Act Section 5; FDA 21 CFR Part 101 (labeling); FTC Health Products Compliance Guidance |
| Regulatory Body | FDA (labeling, safety, manufacturing); FTC (advertising claims) |
| Prohibited Claims | No disease claims ("cures cancer," "treats diabetes") — these make the product an unapproved drug. No claims without competent and reliable scientific evidence. No misrepresentation of clinical studies. No before/after photos implying guaranteed results without typicality disclosure. |
| Required Disclaimers | Structure/function claims require: "This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease." Testimonials must disclose typical results if atypical results are presented. |
| Marketing Restrictions | Claims must be truthful, non-misleading, and substantiated. FTC requires "competent and reliable scientific evidence" (generally, at least one well-designed human clinical trial). Structure/function claims are permitted (e.g., "supports immune health") but disease claims are not. Celebrity/influencer endorsements must reflect honest experience and disclose material connections. |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Flag any disease claim (diagnose, treat, cure, prevent). Auto-insert FDA disclaimer on structure/function claims. Flag unsubstantiated efficacy claims. Require "results not typical" disclosure for testimonials with specific outcomes. Flag "clinically proven" unless backed by published peer-reviewed study. Block "FDA approved" language (supplements are not FDA-approved). |
2.10 Tech / SaaS — SOC 2 / GDPR Processor Rules
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Industry | Software, SaaS, Cloud Services, Technology |
| Regulation | SOC 2 (AICPA Trust Services Criteria); GDPR Article 28 (processor obligations); ISO 27001; Industry-specific (HIPAA for health tech, PCI DSS for payment tech) |
| Regulatory Body | No single regulator. AICPA (SOC 2 framework); EU/UK DPAs (GDPR processor rules); Contractual obligations from enterprise customers |
| Prohibited Claims | No false security claims ("unhackable," "100% secure"). No misleading uptime guarantees without SLA terms. No "GDPR compliant" or "SOC 2 certified" claims unless accurate and current. No misrepresentation of data handling practices. |
| Required Disclaimers | SLA terms and limitations. Data processing location disclosure. Sub-processor disclosure. Incident notification commitments. Certification scope limitations (SOC 2 Type I vs Type II, ISO 27001 scope). |
| Marketing Restrictions | Security certifications must be accurately represented (SOC 2 Type II report covers a period, not a point in time). GDPR processor status requires a Data Processing Agreement with every customer. Marketing customer logos may require permission. Case study publication typically requires written customer approval. Competitive claims must be substantiated. |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Flag "100% secure," "unhackable," "guaranteed uptime" claims. Require SLA reference when mentioning uptime percentages. Flag certification claims and verify accuracy (SOC 2 Type I vs II, ISO 27001 scope). Require DPA availability mention in B2B marketing to EU audiences. Flag customer logos/names and verify permission. Flag competitive comparison claims and require substantiation. |
Section 3: FTC Advertising Rules
3.1 FTC Endorsement Guides (Revised 2023)
| Rule | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Material Connection Disclosure | Any material connection between an endorser and the brand must be clearly and conspicuously disclosed. Material connections include: payment, free products, employment, family relationships, business partnerships, equity stakes, and affiliate commissions. |
| Placement | Disclosures must be in the same medium as the endorsement, unavoidable by the audience, and in clear language. For social media: within the post text (not hidden in hashtag strings), visible without clicking "more," and in the first lines of a caption. For video: spoken and in text overlay, not just in the description. |
| Required Language | Use clear terms: "#ad," "#sponsored," "Paid partnership with [Brand]." Ambiguous terms are insufficient: "#ambassador," "#collab," "#partner" alone do not meet FTC standards. Platform-specific disclosure tools (e.g., "Paid Partnership" tags) are helpful but may not be sufficient alone — a text disclosure is still recommended. |
| Endorser Liability | Both the brand AND the endorser can be held liable for non-disclosure. Brands must have reasonable monitoring programs for endorser compliance. Written agreements should include disclosure requirements. |
| Honest Opinion | Endorsements must reflect the honest opinion or experience of the endorser. Endorsers must have actually used the product/service. Scripts that misrepresent the endorser's experience violate FTC rules. |
| Celebrity/Expert Endorsements | Expert endorsers must have genuine expertise in the field. Celebrity endorsers must actually use the product. Expertise claims must be truthful. AI-generated or deepfake "endorsements" of real people without consent are deceptive. |
3.2 FTC Consumer Review Fairness and Rule on Fake Reviews (2024)
| Rule | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Fake Reviews Ban | Businesses may not create, buy, sell, or disseminate fake consumer reviews, testimonials, or celebrity endorsements. This includes reviews by employees or insiders not disclosing their connection. |
| AI-Generated Reviews | AI-generated reviews presented as human experiences are prohibited. AI-assisted review solicitation is permitted if the review reflects the genuine customer's experience. |
| Review Suppression | Businesses may not use unfounded legal threats, contract terms, or other means to suppress negative reviews. Filtering out only negative reviews while publishing positive ones is deceptive. |
| Review Manipulation | Buying positive reviews, incentivizing only positive reviews, or manipulating review platforms to boost ratings is prohibited. Soliciting reviews generally is permitted as long as the solicitation is not conditional on a positive review. |
| Penalty | Civil penalties up to $51,744 per violation. Applies to businesses, review brokers, and platforms that knowingly facilitate fake reviews. |
3.3 Influencer Disclosure Requirements
| Requirement | Detail |
|---|---|
| When to Disclose | Any time there is a material connection between the influencer and the brand — even for gifted products, affiliate links, or business relationships. |
| How to Disclose | Clear, unambiguous language at the beginning of the content. "#ad" at the start of social posts, spoken disclosure at the beginning of videos, and visible text in image posts. Must be understandable in the language of the audience. |
| Platform-Specific | Instagram/TikTok: "#ad" in first line + platform partnership label. YouTube: spoken + text in video + description box. Podcasts: spoken disclosure in the episode (not just show notes). Blog/newsletter: clear disclosure at the top of the post. |
| Brand Responsibility | Brands must: (1) clearly inform influencers of disclosure requirements in contracts, (2) monitor compliance, (3) take action when violations are found. A contractual clause alone is insufficient — active monitoring is required. |
3.4 AI-Generated Content Disclosure
| Requirement | Detail |
|---|---|
| FTC Position | AI-generated content that could be mistaken for human-created content must be disclosed. This includes AI-generated images, text, voices, and video used in marketing. |
| Deepfakes | Using AI to create realistic depictions of real people without their consent is deceptive. AI-generated endorsements by fabricated "people" must be disclosed as AI-generated. |
| AI in Reviews | AI-generated reviews are fake reviews under FTC rules. AI tools may assist humans in writing reviews, but the review must reflect genuine experience. |
| Best Practice | Disclose AI involvement in content creation when a reasonable consumer would consider it material. Label AI-generated imagery clearly. Do not use AI voices mimicking real individuals without consent and disclosure. |
3.5 Testimonial Rules
| Rule | Detail |
|---|---|
| Typicality | If a testimonial describes results that are not typical, the ad must clearly disclose what results consumers can generally expect. "Results not typical" alone is insufficient — must state typical results. |
| Truthfulness | Testimonials must reflect honest, genuine experiences. Cannot be fabricated, materially altered, or taken out of context. |
| Substantiation | Claims made through testimonials are treated as claims by the advertiser and must be substantiated. |
| Expert Endorsements | Must be supported by an actual examination, testing, or evaluation by the expert. The expert must have qualifications in the relevant field. |
3.6 FTC Penalty Structure
| Violation Type | Penalty Range |
|---|---|
| Section 5 (Unfair or Deceptive Acts) | Consent orders, cease and desist, corrective advertising. No direct fines for first-time Section 5 violations, but violation of a consent order: up to $51,744 per violation. |
| Penalty Offense Authority | FTC can seek civil penalties from companies that had prior notice that conduct is unlawful (via prior FTC cases). Up to $51,744 per violation. |
| Fake Reviews Rule (2024) | Civil penalties up to $51,744 per violation. |
| COPPA Violations | Up to $51,744 per violation. |
| Restitution/Disgorgement | FTC can seek consumer redress through federal courts. AMG Capital Management v. FTC (2021) limited FTC's Section 13(b) authority, but Congress is working to restore it. |
Section 4: Platform-Specific Ad Policies
4.1 Google Ads
| Category | Policy Summary |
|---|---|
| Prohibited Content | Counterfeit goods, dangerous products, enabling dishonest behavior, inappropriate content, malware, weapons, tobacco, recreational drugs (including CBD in most regions). |
| Prohibited Practices | Abusing the ad network, data collection without disclosure, misrepresentation, cloaking (showing different content to reviewers vs. users), manipulating ad auction. |
| Restricted Categories | Alcohol (age/country restrictions), gambling (license required), healthcare/medicine (varies by country, FDA approval needed in US), financial services (must comply with local law, no deceptive claims), political advertising (verification required), adult content (limited placements). |
| Healthcare Specifics | Rx drug ads: US only (with caveats), must comply with FDA. Online pharmacy ads: VIPPS/CIPA certification required. Unapproved substances and supplements with drug claims are prohibited. Clinical trial recruitment has specific rules. |
| AI/Automated Ads | Performance Max and AI-generated creative must still comply with all policies. Advertisers are responsible for AI-generated ad content. |
| Housing/Employment/Credit | Special restrictions on targeting (no age, gender, zip code, or parental status targeting). Similar to Meta Special Ad Categories. |
4.2 Meta Ads (Facebook / Instagram)
| Category | Policy Summary |
|---|---|
| Prohibited Content | Illegal products, tobacco, drugs, unsafe supplements, weapons, surveillance equipment, payday loans (in many regions), multi-level marketing (restricted), before/after images for health/cosmetic products. |
| Special Ad Categories | Credit, Employment, Housing, Social Issues/Elections/Politics. These categories have restricted targeting: no age, gender, zip code, or interest-based exclusions. Must declare category before ad creation. Lookalike audiences replaced with Special Ad Audiences. |
| Health & Wellness | No before/after images. No claims implying personal attributes ("Are you overweight?"). No idealized body imagery. Weight loss claims require disclaimers. Supplements cannot make drug claims. |
| Financial Products | Crypto ads require written approval. Financial services must comply with local licensing. No misleading income claims. "Get rich quick" content is prohibited. |
| Data & Targeting | Custom Audiences must be based on consented data. No targeting sensitive categories (health conditions, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation) — even via proxy targeting. Lead form data must comply with Platform Terms and advertiser's privacy policy. |
| Content Quality | No clickbait, sensationalism, or engagement bait. No misleading buttons or UI elements. Landing page must match ad content. No excessive text in images (guideline, not hard rule). |
4.3 LinkedIn Ads
| Category | Policy Summary |
|---|---|
| Prohibited Content | Illegal products, weapons, tobacco, recreational drugs, adult content, counterfeit goods, spyware/malware, deceptive offers. |
| Professional Standards | Content must be appropriate for a professional audience. No vulgar or offensive content. No political or religious advertising (with limited country exceptions for political ads). |
| B2B Specifics | Job ads must comply with employment law (no discriminatory targeting or language). Financial claims must be substantiated. No misleading job opportunity claims. Salary claims must be verifiable. |
| Targeting Restrictions | No targeting by age, gender, or ethnicity for employment, housing, education, or credit ads. Sensitive category targeting (health, political, religious) is restricted. |
| Lead Generation | Lead Gen Forms must link to a privacy policy. Data collected must be used consistent with advertiser's stated purpose. Auto-fill data is shared with advertiser — users must consent. |
4.4 TikTok Ads
| Category | Policy Summary |
|---|---|
| Prohibited Content | Illegal products, weapons, tobacco, drugs, dangerous challenges, animal products from endangered species, adult content, counterfeit goods, political advertising (banned globally). |
| Age Sensitivity | Platform skews young — extra scrutiny on age-gating for alcohol, gambling, and finance. No ads directed at users under 13. Ads for age-restricted products must use age-gate targeting. |
| Health & Beauty | No extreme weight loss claims. No before/after images implying guaranteed results. No misleading beauty claims. Supplement ads must comply with local regulations. |
| Financial Services | Crypto advertising highly restricted or banned (varies by country). Financial products require licensing disclosure. No "get rich quick" or income guarantee content. |
| Content Standards | Ads must not impersonate news content or government announcements. No deepfakes or manipulated media of real people. Branded content must use the Branded Content toggle. Spark Ads (boosting organic content) must comply with all ad policies. |
4.5 Amazon Ads
| Category | Policy Summary |
|---|---|
| Prohibited Content | Illegal products, tobacco, weapons, offensive content, false claims, competitive disparagement, political advertising. |
| Product Specifics | Claims must match product listing. No inconsistency between ad and product detail page. Star ratings must be accurate and current. No "best seller" claims unless backed by Amazon data. |
| Health & Supplements | Supplement ads cannot make disease claims. Must include required FDA disclaimer. No unapproved health claims. OTC drug ads must comply with FDA requirements. |
| Restricted Categories | Alcohol (limited, marketplace-specific). CBD (prohibited in most regions). Gambling (prohibited). Financial services (restricted). Academic paper writing services (prohibited). |
| Creative Standards | No custom "add to cart" buttons or fake interactive elements. No pressure tactics ("only 2 left" in ad creative). Mobile-friendly creative required. No blurry or pixelated images. Logos must not mimic Amazon branding. |
Section 5: Accessibility Requirements
5.1 WCAG 2.2 AA — Marketing Content Requirements
| Criterion | Requirement | Marketing Application |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1 Non-text Content | All non-text content has a text alternative serving the equivalent purpose. | All marketing images, infographics, charts, and icons require meaningful alt text. Decorative images use empty alt (alt=""). CTA buttons in images must have alt text describing the action. |
| 1.2.1 Audio/Video (Prerecorded) | Provide alternatives for time-based media. | Marketing videos require captions. Podcasts require transcripts. Webinar recordings need both captions and descriptive audio where visual-only info is presented. |
| 1.2.2 Captions (Prerecorded) | Captions for all prerecorded audio in synchronized media. | All video ads, social media videos, and embedded video content must have accurate captions — not auto-generated without review. |
| 1.2.5 Audio Description (Prerecorded) | Audio description for prerecorded video content (AA). | Marketing videos where visual-only content conveys key information need audio description tracks (e.g., product demos, tutorials). |
| 1.3.1 Info and Relationships | Structure and relationships conveyed through presentation are programmatically determinable. | Email templates must use semantic HTML (headings, lists, tables with headers). Landing pages must use proper heading hierarchy. Forms must have associated labels. |
| 1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence | Content reading order is correct when linearized. | Email layouts must make sense when CSS is disabled or images don't load. Single-column fallback for responsive emails. |
| 1.4.1 Use of Color | Color is not the only visual means of conveying information. | CTA buttons must not rely solely on color to indicate interactivity. Error states in forms need text labels, not just red highlighting. Charts need patterns or labels in addition to color coding. |
| 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) | Text: 4.5:1 contrast ratio. Large text (18pt+ or 14pt+ bold): 3:1. | All marketing copy, CTAs, and navigation text must meet contrast minimums. Brand colors must be tested. White text on light backgrounds and light gray text are common failures. |
| 1.4.4 Resize Text | Text can be resized up to 200% without loss of content or functionality. | Landing pages and web content must remain functional at 200% zoom. No fixed-width containers that cause horizontal scrolling. |
| 1.4.5 Images of Text | Use actual text rather than images of text (with exceptions for logos). | Avoid embedding key marketing copy in images. Headline text in banner ads should be HTML where possible. Social images with text should have alt text containing the text. |
| 1.4.11 Non-text Contrast | UI components and graphical objects: 3:1 contrast against adjacent colors. | Form field borders, CTA button borders, icons, and chart elements must meet 3:1 contrast. Focus indicators must be visible. |
| 2.1.1 Keyboard | All functionality operable through keyboard interface. | Navigation menus, forms, modals, carousels, accordions, and interactive elements on landing pages must be fully keyboard-accessible. No keyboard traps. |
| 2.4.4 Link Purpose (In Context) | Purpose of each link can be determined from link text or context. | Avoid "Click here" and "Read more" as standalone link text. Use descriptive text: "Download the 2025 Marketing Report" instead of "Download." |
| 2.4.6 Headings and Labels | Headings and labels describe topic or purpose. | Landing page sections need descriptive headings. Form labels must clearly describe the expected input. |
| 2.4.7 Focus Visible | Keyboard focus indicator is visible. | Do not remove outline styles from interactive elements on landing pages. Custom focus indicators must meet 3:1 contrast. |
| 3.1.1 Language of Page | Default human language of each page is programmatically determinable. | Set lang attribute on HTML element. Multilingual marketing pages need lang attributes on sections in different languages. |
| 3.2.1 On Focus | No context change on focus. | No auto-redirect, modal popup, or form submission triggered solely by focusing an element. |
| 3.2.2 On Input | No context change on input unless user is informed beforehand. | Form field changes should not trigger page navigation. Auto-submit on dropdown selection is non-compliant without warning. |
| 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value | All UI components have accessible name, role, and state information. | Custom components (dropdowns, toggles, tabs, sliders) on landing pages must use ARIA roles, states, and properties correctly. |
5.2 ADA Website Compliance
| Requirement | Detail |
|---|---|
| Legal Basis | Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act. DOJ has confirmed that websites of public accommodations must be accessible. No specific technical standard is codified, but courts consistently reference WCAG 2.2 AA as the benchmark. |
| Who Is Covered | Any business that is a "place of public accommodation" (virtually all commercial websites, including e-commerce, SaaS, services, media). |
| Enforcement | Private lawsuits (ADA Title III does not provide damages in federal court but does in some states, notably California's Unruh Act: $4,000 minimum per violation per visit). DOJ enforcement actions. Demand letters are common. |
| Marketing Implications | All landing pages, microsites, campaign pages, and promotional web content must be WCAG 2.2 AA compliant. Pop-ups and modals must be keyboard-accessible and screen-reader-compatible. Video content needs captions. PDFs (whitepapers, ebooks) must be tagged for accessibility. Forms must have labels, error handling, and keyboard access. |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Flag landing pages without accessibility review. Require alt text on all images. Require caption files for video content. Flag color contrast issues in design assets. Require keyboard-accessible interactive elements. Flag PDF deliverables without accessibility tagging. |
5.3 Email Accessibility Standards
| Requirement | Detail |
|---|---|
| Semantic HTML | Use proper HTML elements: <h1>–<h6> for headings, <p> for paragraphs, <table> with role="presentation" for layout tables, <th> for data table headers. |
| Alt Text | Every <img> must have an alt attribute. Meaningful images get descriptive alt text. Decorative images use alt="". CTA images (buttons, banners) get action-oriented alt text. |
| Color Contrast | Body text: 4.5:1 minimum. Large text: 3:1 minimum. CTA buttons: text must contrast with button background AND button must contrast with email background. |
| Font Size | Minimum 14px for body text, 22px+ for headings. Avoid font sizes below 12px for any content. Use relative units where supported. |
| Link Styling | Links must be distinguishable from surrounding text by more than just color (underline is standard). Link text must be descriptive. Avoid multiple links with identical text pointing to different URLs. |
| Structure | Single-column layouts are most accessible. If multi-column, ensure proper reading order in code. Use dir and lang attributes. Avoid relying on CSS-only layout that breaks in stripped-down email clients. |
| Dark Mode | Test in dark mode. Use transparent PNGs or match background colors. Ensure text remains readable when background colors are overridden. Provide both light and dark mode color declarations where supported. |
| Screen Reader | Include a role="article" on the main content wrapper. Use aria-label for navigation links if applicable. Avoid "View in browser" as the only way to access content. Preheader text should be meaningful (it's read aloud by screen readers). |
| Auto-Applied Rules | Flag images without alt text. Flag text below 4.5:1 contrast ratio. Flag body text below 14px. Flag link text that says "Click here" or "Read more." Flag layout tables without role="presentation". Require single-column fallback for mobile/accessibility. |
Rule Application Reference
When the context engine evaluates marketing content, apply rules in this priority order:
- Geographic law — Identify target audience jurisdiction(s) and apply ALL applicable privacy/consent rules
- Industry regulation — Identify the advertiser's industry and apply sector-specific restrictions
- FTC advertising rules — Apply to all US-targeted content regardless of industry
- Platform policies — Apply the specific platform's rules for the distribution channel
- Accessibility — Apply WCAG 2.2 AA and email accessibility standards to all outputs
When rules conflict, apply the most restrictive standard. When jurisdiction is unknown, default to GDPR + CPRA + FTC as the baseline.
Severity Levels
| Level | Definition | Action |
|---|---|---|
| BLOCK | Violation would be illegal or result in platform ban (false health claims, missing disclosures on regulated products, COPPA violations, discriminatory targeting). | Do not output. Flag to user with specific rule citation. |
| WARN | Likely violation requiring human review (ambiguous claims, missing disclaimers, potential trademark issues, accessibility gaps). | Output with prominent warning and recommended fix. |
| SUGGEST | Best practice not strictly required by law but reduces risk (double opt-in where only opt-out required, adding disclaimers proactively, exceeding minimum contrast ratios). | Output with suggestion as a footnote. |
Supporting file: skills/context-engine/platform-specs.md
Platform Specifications Reference
Last updated: 2026-02-11 This file is consumed by an AI agent to validate marketing content against platform requirements. All specs reflect current 2026 platform standards.
Section 1: Social Media Platform Specs
Feed Posts
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Character limit | 2,200 |
| Optimal caption length | 125-150 characters (before "more" truncation) |
| Image formats | JPEG, PNG |
| Square image | 1080 x 1080 px (1:1) |
| Portrait image | 1080 x 1350 px (4:5) |
| Landscape image | 1080 x 566 px (1.91:1) |
| Max file size (image) | 30 MB |
| Hashtag limit | 30 max, 3-5 recommended |
| Algorithm priority signals | Saves, shares, comments, watch time, relationship closeness |
| Best posting times | Tue-Thu 9-11 AM, Wed 11 AM, Fri 10-11 AM (local) |
Instagram Reels
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Duration | 15s, 30s, 60s, 90s (up to 3 min with some accounts) |
| Aspect ratio | 9:16 (vertical) |
| Resolution | 1080 x 1920 px |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Max file size | 4 GB |
| Cover photo | 1080 x 1920 px |
| Caption limit | 2,200 characters |
| Hashtag limit | 30 max, 3-8 recommended |
| Algorithm priority signals | Watch-through rate, replays, shares, audio usage, originality |
| Best posting times | Mon-Thu 9 AM, 12 PM, 7-8 PM (local) |
Instagram Stories
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Duration per slide | Up to 60 seconds |
| Aspect ratio | 9:16 |
| Resolution | 1080 x 1920 px |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Max file size (video) | 4 GB |
| Text-safe zone | Keep critical content within center 1080 x 1420 px (avoid top 250 px and bottom 250 px for UI overlays) |
| Sticker/link limit | 1 link sticker per story |
| Lifespan | 24 hours (unless added to Highlights) |
Instagram Carousel
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Slides | 2-20 per carousel |
| Aspect ratio | All slides must match; 1:1 or 4:5 recommended |
| Resolution (square) | 1080 x 1080 px |
| Resolution (portrait) | 1080 x 1350 px |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG |
| Video per slide | Up to 60 seconds |
| Caption limit | 2,200 characters |
| Algorithm priority signals | Swipe-through rate, saves, shares, dwell time per slide |
TikTok
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Video duration | 15s, 60s, 3 min, 10 min, 30 min, 60 min |
| Aspect ratio | 9:16 (vertical) |
| Resolution | 1080 x 1920 px minimum |
| Video format | MP4, MOV, WebM |
| Max file size | 10 GB (desktop), 287 MB (mobile) |
| Caption limit | 4,000 characters |
| Hashtag limit | No hard limit; 3-5 relevant hashtags recommended |
| Photo mode | Up to 35 images per carousel post |
| Algorithm priority signals | Completion rate, rewatch rate, shares, comments, profile visits after viewing, content diversity score |
| Best posting times | Tue 2-4 PM, Thu 12-3 PM, Fri 1-3 PM (local) |
| Text-safe zone | Keep text within center 720 x 1280 px area to avoid UI overlaps |
LinkedIn Post
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Character limit | 3,000 |
| Optimal length | 800-1,200 characters for engagement |
| Image dimensions | 1200 x 627 px (landscape), 1080 x 1080 px (square), 1080 x 1350 px (portrait) |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG, GIF |
| Max image file size | 8 MB |
| Video duration | 3 seconds to 10 minutes |
| Video format | MP4 |
| Max video file size | 5 GB |
| Video aspect ratio | 1:1, 16:9, or 9:16 |
| Document/carousel | PDF upload, up to 300 pages, max 100 MB |
| Hashtag limit | No hard limit; 3-5 recommended |
| Algorithm priority signals | Dwell time, comments (especially early), shares, relevance to network, content type diversity |
| Best posting times | Tue-Thu 8-10 AM, Tue 10-11 AM peak (local business timezone) |
LinkedIn Article
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Headline limit | 100 characters |
| Body limit | 125,000 characters |
| Cover image | 1920 x 1080 px recommended |
| Supports | Rich text, images, embeds, links |
| Algorithm priority signals | Read-through rate, comments, external shares |
LinkedIn Newsletter
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Title limit | 64 characters |
| Description limit | 250 characters |
| Logo image | 300 x 300 px |
| Cover image | 1920 x 1080 px |
| Body limit | Same as Article (125,000 characters) |
| Frequency options | Daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly |
| Algorithm priority signals | Subscriber growth rate, open rate, engagement rate |
Twitter/X
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Character limit (free) | 280 |
| Character limit (Premium) | 25,000 |
| Optimal tweet length | 71-100 characters for engagement |
| Image dimensions | 1600 x 900 px (16:9) recommended |
| Image formats | JPEG, PNG, GIF, WebP |
| Max images per tweet | 4 |
| Max image file size | 5 MB (static), 15 MB (GIF) |
| Video duration | 0.5s to 140 seconds (up to 240 min for Premium) |
| Video resolution | 1920 x 1200 px max |
| Video format | MP4 (H.264 video, AAC audio) |
| Max video file size | 512 MB |
| Video aspect ratio | 16:9 or 1:1 recommended |
| Hashtag limit | No hard limit; 1-2 recommended |
| Algorithm priority signals | Replies, retweets, bookmark rate, link clicks, profile visits, verified status, dwell time |
| Best posting times | Mon-Fri 8-10 AM, Wed 9-11 AM (local) |
Facebook Post
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Character limit | 63,206 |
| Optimal length | 40-80 characters for engagement |
| Image dimensions | 1200 x 630 px (landscape), 1080 x 1080 px (square) |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG, GIF, WebP |
| Max image file size | 30 MB |
| Link preview image | 1200 x 630 px minimum |
| Video duration | 1 second to 240 minutes |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Video resolution | 1080p recommended |
| Max video file size | 10 GB |
| Algorithm priority signals | Meaningful interactions (comments, shares), watch time, content type matching user preference, Group engagement |
| Best posting times | Mon-Fri 9 AM-12 PM, Wed 11 AM peak (local) |
Facebook Reels
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Duration | Up to 90 seconds |
| Aspect ratio | 9:16 |
| Resolution | 1080 x 1920 px |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Max file size | 4 GB |
| Caption limit | 2,200 characters |
| Algorithm priority signals | Originality, completion rate, shares, audio trends |
Facebook Stories
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Duration per slide | Up to 20 seconds (video) |
| Aspect ratio | 9:16 |
| Resolution | 1080 x 1920 px |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Max file size | 4 GB |
| Text-safe zone | Center 1080 x 1420 px |
| Lifespan | 24 hours |
Standard Pin
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Title limit | 100 characters |
| Description limit | 500 characters |
| Image aspect ratio | 2:3 recommended (1000 x 1500 px) |
| Minimum image width | 600 px |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG, WebP |
| Max file size | 20 MB |
| Algorithm priority signals | Save rate, click-through rate, pin quality score, domain quality, keyword relevance, freshness |
| Best posting times | Sat 8-11 PM, Fri-Sun for lifestyle; Tue-Thu for B2B (local) |
Idea Pin
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Pages | Up to 20 |
| Image resolution | 1080 x 1920 px (9:16) |
| Video duration per page | Up to 60 seconds |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Title limit | 100 characters |
| Algorithm priority signals | View-through rate, saves, follows from pin, topic tag relevance |
Video Pin
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Duration | 4 seconds to 15 minutes |
| Aspect ratio | 1:1, 2:3, or 9:16 |
| Resolution | 1080 px minimum width |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Max file size | 2 GB |
| Title limit | 100 characters |
| Description limit | 500 characters |
YouTube
YouTube Video
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Title limit | 100 characters |
| Description limit | 5,000 characters |
| Tag limit | 500 characters total |
| Aspect ratio | 16:9 standard |
| Resolution | 1920 x 1080 px (1080p) minimum recommended; 3840 x 2160 (4K) supported |
| Video format | MP4 (H.264 + AAC) recommended; also MOV, AVI, WMV, FLV, WebM |
| Max file size | 256 GB |
| Max duration | 12 hours |
| Thumbnail | 1280 x 720 px (16:9), max 2 MB, JPEG/PNG/GIF |
| Chapters | Minimum 3 chapters, each 10+ seconds, first must start at 0:00 |
| Algorithm priority signals | Click-through rate, watch time, average view duration, session time, engagement (likes, comments, shares), subscriber conversion |
| Best posting times | Fri-Sat 9-11 AM, Thu 3-4 PM, weekday evenings 5-9 PM (viewer timezone) |
YouTube Shorts
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Duration | Up to 3 minutes |
| Aspect ratio | 9:16 (vertical) |
| Resolution | 1080 x 1920 px |
| Title limit | 100 characters |
| Algorithm priority signals | Swipe-away rate (lower is better), replays, likes, subscriber conversion from Shorts |
YouTube Live
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Resolution | Up to 4K (2160p) at 60fps |
| Recommended bitrate (1080p) | 4,500-9,000 Kbps |
| Stream format | RTMP or HLS |
| Latency options | Ultra low, low, normal |
| Thumbnail | 1280 x 720 px |
| Schedule in advance | Yes, up to weeks ahead |
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Title limit | 300 characters |
| Text post limit | 40,000 characters |
| Image dimensions | No strict requirement; 1200 x 628 px recommended for link posts |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG, GIF |
| Max images per post | 20 (gallery post) |
| Video duration | Up to 15 minutes |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Max video file size | 1 GB |
| Hashtag strategy | Not used on Reddit; flair and subreddit selection matter instead |
| Algorithm priority signals | Upvote/downvote velocity, comment count, subreddit relevance, account karma and age |
| Best posting times | Mon 6-8 AM, Wed-Fri 7-9 AM EST (US-centric subreddits) |
Threads
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Character limit | 500 |
| Image dimensions | 1080 x 1350 px (4:5) recommended |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG |
| Max images per post | 10 |
| Video duration | Up to 5 minutes |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Video aspect ratio | 9:16 or 1:1 |
| Link preview | Supported |
| Hashtag strategy | Topic tags (1 per post) |
| Algorithm priority signals | Replies, reposts, engagement velocity, follower relationship |
| Best posting times | Mon-Fri 8-10 AM, 12-1 PM (local) |
Snapchat
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Snap duration | Up to 60 seconds (video), 10 seconds (image) |
| Aspect ratio | 9:16 |
| Resolution | 1080 x 1920 px |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Max file size | 5 MB (image), 32 MB (video for ads) |
| Spotlight video | Up to 3 minutes |
| Text limit (caption) | 80 characters on-screen |
| Text-safe zone | Center 1080 x 1420 px |
| Algorithm priority signals (Spotlight) | Completion rate, shares, favorites, screenshot rate |
| Best posting times | Thu-Sat 10 PM-1 AM (local; younger demographic engagement peaks) |
Section 2: Email Specifications
Subject Line Limits by Client
| Email Client | Visible Characters (Desktop) | Visible Characters (Mobile) |
|---|---|---|
| Gmail | 70 | 40 |
| Outlook (desktop app) | 73 | 38 |
| Outlook.com | 60 | 38 |
| Apple Mail | 78 | 35 |
| Yahoo Mail | 46 | 35 |
| Samsung Mail | N/A | 33 |
Recommendation: Keep subject lines under 40 characters for reliable cross-client mobile rendering. Front-load the most important words.
Preview Text (Preheader)
| Email Client | Preview Text Visible Length |
|---|---|
| Gmail | 90-110 characters (varies by subject line length) |
| Outlook | 35-90 characters |
| Apple Mail | 75-100 characters |
| Yahoo Mail | 55-70 characters |
Recommendation: Write 40-90 characters of preview text. If not explicitly set, clients pull the first visible body text. Use hidden preheader text in HTML to control this.
Email Body Specs
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Recommended body width | 600 px (max 640 px) |
| Gmail clipping threshold | 102 KB (total HTML size including inline CSS). Messages exceeding this are truncated with a "[Message clipped] View entire message" link. |
| Max email size (practical) | Keep under 100 KB HTML. Total with images should stay under 1 MB for fast loading. |
| Font stacks | System fonts for reliability: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, Times New Roman. Web fonts supported in Apple Mail, iOS Mail, Android (default), Outlook.com, Thunderbird. NOT supported in Gmail, Outlook desktop. |
| Minimum font size (mobile) | 14 px body, 22 px headlines (iOS auto-sizes text below 13 px) |
| Line height | 1.4-1.6 for body text |
| Background images | Supported in most clients; NOT supported in Outlook desktop (use VML fallback) |
Image Handling
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Image formats | JPEG, PNG, GIF. WebP supported in Gmail, Apple Mail; NOT in Outlook. |
| Retina support | Use 2x resolution images displayed at 1x size (e.g., 1200 px image displayed at 600 px width) |
| Image blocking | Outlook, some corporate clients block images by default. Always include alt text. |
| Animated GIF | Supported everywhere except Outlook desktop (shows first frame only) |
| Max single image width | 600 px display width (1200 px actual for retina) |
| Image-to-text ratio | Aim for 60% text / 40% images to avoid spam filters |
CTA Button Specs
| Spec | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Minimum button size | 44 x 44 px (Apple HIG tap target) |
| Recommended button size | 48-60 px height, full-width on mobile |
| Button method | Bulletproof buttons using HTML/CSS (padding-based). VML fallback for Outlook. Avoid image-only buttons. |
| Button text | 2-5 words, action-oriented. Max 30 characters. |
| Button contrast | WCAG AA minimum (4.5:1 contrast ratio for text on button color) |
Dark Mode Considerations
| Client | Dark Mode Behavior |
|---|---|
| Apple Mail / iOS Mail | Full color inversion with @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) support |
| Gmail (Android) | Partial: inverts light backgrounds to dark, adjusts text to white. Does NOT respect prefers-color-scheme. |
| Gmail (iOS) | Partial: similar to Android. Does NOT respect prefers-color-scheme. |
| Outlook (desktop) | Full inversion. Some transparent PNGs get white backgrounds. |
| Outlook.com | Partial inversion. Supports [data-ogsc] and [data-ogsb] selectors. |
| Yahoo Mail | Applies its own dark theme. Limited CSS override support. |
Dark mode design rules:
- Add transparent padding around logos (prevents awkward color clashes)
- Use semi-transparent PNGs with contrasting edges
- Test with both dark and light backgrounds
- Define both light and dark color schemes in CSS where supported
- Avoid pure white (#FFFFFF) backgrounds; use #FAFAFA so dark mode detection triggers consistently
Mobile Rendering Rules
| Rule | Detail |
|---|---|
| Responsive approach | Use fluid tables with max-width: 600px and width: 100% |
| Media queries | Supported in Apple Mail, iOS Mail, Android (default), Thunderbird. NOT supported in Gmail (any), Yahoo Mail, Outlook. |
| Stacking columns | Use display: block on table cells for mobile stacking via media queries, or use a hybrid/fluid approach for clients without media query support |
| Touch targets | Minimum 44 x 44 px for all tappable elements |
| Single-column layout | Recommended for mobile-first design |
Apple Mail Privacy Protection (MPP)
| Impact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Open tracking | Unreliable. Apple pre-fetches all images (including tracking pixels) via proxy, inflating open rates. Approximately 50-60% of Apple Mail users have MPP enabled. |
| IP-based geolocation | No longer accurate for Apple Mail users. Apple proxies mask true IP. |
| Device detection | Unreliable. User-agent data is obscured. |
| Recommended response | Shift KPIs to click-through rate, conversion rate, and revenue attribution. Use UTM parameters for tracking. Build engagement segments based on clicks, not opens. |
Section 3: Ad Platform Creative Specs
Google Ads
Responsive Search Ads (RSA)
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Headlines | Up to 15; each max 30 characters |
| Descriptions | Up to 4; each max 90 characters |
| Display URL path | 2 fields, each max 15 characters |
| Final URL | Required |
| Pinning | Available for headlines (positions 1, 2, 3) and descriptions (positions 1, 2) |
| Minimum required | 3 headlines, 2 descriptions |
| Recommendation | Provide all 15 headlines and 4 descriptions for maximum combinations |
Google Display Ads
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Landscape image | 1200 x 628 px (1.91:1) — required |
| Square image | 1200 x 1200 px (1:1) — required |
| Portrait image | 960 x 1200 px (4:5) — optional |
| Logo (landscape) | 1200 x 300 px (4:1) — optional |
| Logo (square) | 1200 x 1200 px (1:1) — required |
| Image file size | Max 5.12 MB each |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG |
| Short headline | Max 30 characters (up to 5) |
| Long headline | Max 90 characters (1) |
| Description | Max 90 characters (up to 5) |
| Business name | Max 25 characters |
| CTA options | Automated, Learn More, Get Quote, Apply Now, Sign Up, Contact Us, Download, Book Now, Shop Now, Visit Site |
Performance Max (PMax)
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Images | Up to 20. Landscape (1200x628), square (1200x1200), portrait (960x1200). Min 1 landscape and 1 square required. |
| Logos | Up to 5. Square (1200x1200) required. Landscape (1200x300) recommended. |
| Videos | Up to 5. Landscape (16:9), square (1:1), vertical (9:16). Min 10 seconds. If none provided, Google auto-generates from assets. |
| Headlines | Up to 5, max 30 characters each |
| Long headlines | Up to 5, max 90 characters each |
| Descriptions | Up to 5, max 90 characters each. Plus 1 short description max 60 characters. |
| Business name | Max 25 characters |
| CTA | Automated or manual selection from standard options |
| Audience signals | Required: custom segments, interests, demographics, remarketing lists |
YouTube Ads
| Format | Spec |
|---|---|
| Skippable in-stream | Min 12 seconds, no max. Skippable after 5s. Recommended 15-30s for performance. |
| Non-skippable in-stream | 15 seconds exactly (20s in some regions) |
| Bumper ad | Max 6 seconds, non-skippable |
| In-feed (Discovery) | Thumbnail 1280x720 (auto-selected or custom). Title max 100 chars. Description max 2 lines. |
| Video resolution | 1920x1080 (16:9) or 1080x1920 (9:16) for Shorts ads |
| File format | MP4 recommended |
| Max file size | 256 GB (same as standard YouTube upload) |
| Companion banner | 300 x 60 px (desktop, auto-generated or custom) |
Google Shopping
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Product title | Max 150 characters (first 70 most visible) |
| Product description | Max 5,000 characters |
| Product image | Min 100 x 100 px (non-apparel), 250 x 250 px (apparel). Recommended 800 x 800+. Max 64 MP. |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG, GIF (non-animated), BMP, TIFF |
| Image background | White or transparent recommended |
| Image content | No watermarks, logos, promotional text, borders |
Meta Ads (Facebook & Instagram)
Feed Ads
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Primary text | 125 characters recommended (max 2,200 before truncation) |
| Headline | 27 characters recommended (max 255) |
| Description | 27 characters recommended (max 2,200) |
| Image (single) | 1080 x 1080 px (1:1) or 1200 x 628 px (1.91:1) |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG |
| Max image file size | 30 MB |
| Video aspect ratio | 1:1 or 4:5 (feed), 9:16 (Stories/Reels) |
| Video duration | 1 second to 241 minutes |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Max video file size | 4 GB |
| Video resolution | 1080 x 1080 px minimum |
| CTA options | Shop Now, Learn More, Sign Up, Download, Get Offer, Book Now, Contact Us, Apply Now, Subscribe, Get Quote, Watch More, Send Message, Get Directions |
Stories & Reels Ads
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Aspect ratio | 9:16 |
| Resolution | 1080 x 1920 px |
| Stories video duration | 1-120 seconds |
| Reels video duration | 1-90 seconds |
| Text-safe zone | Keep text/logos within center 1080 x 1420 px |
| Primary text | 125 characters |
| Headline | 40 characters |
Carousel Ads
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Cards | 2-10 |
| Image per card | 1080 x 1080 px (1:1) |
| Video per card | Up to 240 minutes; 1:1 aspect ratio |
| Headline per card | 32 characters recommended |
| Description per card | 18 characters recommended |
| Primary text | 125 characters recommended |
| Landing URL | Unique per card or single destination |
Collection Ads
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Cover image/video | 1200 x 628 px or 1080 x 1080 px |
| Product images | Pulled from catalog (min 4 products) |
| Headline | 40 characters |
| Opens into | Instant Experience (full-screen mobile) |
LinkedIn Ads
Sponsored Content (Single Image)
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Introductory text | 600 characters max (150 recommended) |
| Headline | 200 characters max (70 recommended) |
| Description | 300 characters max (100 recommended) |
| Image | 1200 x 627 px (1.91:1) recommended. Also supports 1080 x 1080 (1:1) and 1080 x 1350 (4:5). |
| Image file size | Max 5 MB |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG, GIF |
| CTA options | Apply, Download, View Quote, Learn More, Sign Up, Subscribe, Register, Join, Attend, Request Demo |
Sponsored Content (Video)
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Duration | 3 seconds to 30 minutes |
| Aspect ratio | 16:9 (landscape), 1:1 (square), 9:16 (vertical) |
| Resolution | 360p to 1080p |
| File format | MP4 |
| Max file size | 200 MB |
| Captions | SRT file upload supported and recommended |
Sponsored Messaging (Message Ads)
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Subject line | Max 60 characters |
| Message body | Max 1,500 characters |
| CTA button text | Max 20 characters |
| Banner image | 300 x 250 px |
| Clickable links in body | Up to 3 |
Document Ads
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| File format | PDF, DOC, DOCX, PPT, PPTX |
| Max file size | 100 MB |
| Max pages | 300 (first 5 shown as preview in feed) |
| Introductory text | 600 characters max |
| Headline | 200 characters max |
| Lead gen form | Optional gating after preview pages |
TikTok Ads
In-Feed Ads
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Aspect ratio | 9:16, 1:1, or 16:9 |
| Resolution | 720 x 1280 px minimum (9:16 recommended) |
| Video duration | 5-60 seconds (9-15 seconds recommended) |
| Video format | MP4, MOV, MPEG, AVI |
| Max file size | 500 MB |
| Ad description | 1-100 characters (emoji allowed) |
| Display name | Max 40 characters |
| CTA options | Download, Learn More, Shop Now, Sign Up, Contact Us, Apply Now, Book Now, Get Quote, Subscribe, Order Now, View Now |
TopView Ads
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Duration | 5-60 seconds |
| Resolution | 1080 x 1920 px |
| Aspect ratio | 9:16 |
| Placement | First in-feed ad seen when opening the app |
| File format | MP4, MOV |
| Max file size | 500 MB |
| Sound | Required (auto-play with sound on) |
Spark Ads
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Source | Boost existing organic TikTok posts (own or authorized third-party) |
| Specs | Same as original post (no modification to video) |
| Added features | CTA button, landing page URL, tracking pixel |
| Authorization | Requires video authorization code from creator |
| Duration | Campaign-controlled |
Pinterest Ads
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Standard Pin ad image | 1000 x 1500 px (2:3) |
| Square Pin ad image | 1000 x 1000 px (1:1) |
| Max aspect ratio | 1:2.6 |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG |
| Image file size | Max 20 MB |
| Title | Max 100 characters |
| Description | Max 500 characters |
| Video Pin ad duration | 4 seconds to 15 minutes |
| Video resolution | 1080 px width minimum |
| Video format | MP4, MOV |
| Video max file size | 2 GB |
| Idea Pin ad | Up to 20 pages, 1080 x 1920 px per page |
| Shopping ad | Linked to product catalog; standard Pin specs |
| CTA options | Automated based on campaign objective |
Amazon Ads
Sponsored Products
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Type | Keyword- or product-targeted; uses existing product listing |
| Image | Product listing main image (auto-pulled from catalog) |
| Headline | Not customizable (uses product title) |
| No custom creative | Ad uses existing product detail page content |
Sponsored Brands
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Headline | Max 50 characters |
| Logo | 400 x 400 px minimum, PNG/JPEG, max 1 MB |
| Custom image | 1200 x 628 px recommended |
| Products featured | 3+ ASINs |
| Video (Sponsored Brands Video) | 6-45 seconds; 1920 x 1080 (16:9) or 1080 x 1920 (9:16) or 1080 x 1080 (1:1); MP4/MOV; max 500 MB |
| Store Spotlight | Links to brand Store pages |
Sponsored Display
| Spec | Value |
|---|---|
| Custom image | 1200 x 628 px (landscape), 1200 x 1200 px (square) |
| Logo | 600 x 600 px minimum |
| Headline | Max 50 characters |
| Image format | JPEG, PNG |
| Max file size | 5 MB |
| Video | 6-30 seconds, MP4, 1280 x 720 min, max 500 MB |
| Targeting | Product, audience (views, purchases), contextual |
Section 4: Schema Markup Reference
Use schema.org structured data (JSON-LD format recommended) to enhance search appearance and enable rich results.
| Schema Type | When to Use | Rich Result |
|---|---|---|
Article | Blog posts, news articles, editorial content. Use NewsArticle for timely news, BlogPosting for blogs. | Article carousel, headline in Top Stories |
FAQPage | Pages with a list of questions and answers. Must show Q&A on the visible page (not just in markup). | Expandable FAQ dropdowns in SERP |
HowTo | Step-by-step instructional content (recipes, DIY, tutorials). Each step must be a distinct action. | Step-by-step rich result with images/video |
Product | Product pages. Include name, image, description, offers (price, availability, currency). | Product snippet with price, availability, rating |
LocalBusiness | Businesses with a physical location. Include address, phone, hours, geo coordinates. Subtype to specific business type (e.g., Restaurant, Dentist). | Knowledge panel, Maps integration |
Organization | Company/brand homepage. Include name, logo, URL, social profiles, contact info. | Knowledge panel, logo in search |
Person | Author pages, speaker bios, team pages. Link to social profiles and authored content. | Knowledge panel for notable people |
Review / AggregateRating | Product reviews, service reviews. AggregateRating for summary of multiple reviews. Must represent genuine user reviews. | Star ratings in SERP |
Event | Upcoming events with date, location, ticket info. Include startDate, location, offers for tickets. | Event listing with date, venue, ticket link |
VideoObject | Video content on pages. Include name, description, thumbnailUrl, uploadDate, duration, contentUrl or embedUrl. | Video carousel, key moments |
Speakable | Content optimized for text-to-speech / voice assistants. Identify which sections are most suitable for audio playback. | Voice assistant eligibility (Google Assistant) |
BreadcrumbList | All pages with breadcrumb navigation. Reflects the page hierarchy. | Breadcrumb trail in SERP instead of raw URL |
SiteNavigationElement | Main site navigation menus. Helps search engines understand site structure. | Sitelinks refinement (indirect) |
Schema Implementation Notes
- Format: Always use JSON-LD (recommended by Google) over Microdata or RDFa.
- Placement: Insert
<script type="application/ld+json">in the<head>or<body>of the page. - Validation: Test with Google Rich Results Test (https://search.google.com/test/rich-results) and Schema Markup Validator (https://validator.schema.org).
- Nesting: Nest related schemas (e.g.,
ProductcontainingAggregateRatingandOffers). - Avoid: Do not mark up content that is not visible on the page. Do not use schema for deceptive purposes. Google may issue manual actions for misleading structured data.
Section 5: Image Format Guide
Format Comparison
| Property | WebP | AVIF | PNG | JPEG |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compression type | Lossy + Lossless | Lossy + Lossless | Lossless | Lossy |
| Transparency | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Animation | Yes | Yes (limited tooling) | Yes (APNG) | No |
| Typical file size vs JPEG | 25-35% smaller | 40-50% smaller | 5-10x larger | Baseline |
| Encoding speed | Fast | Slow (CPU-intensive) | Fast | Fast |
| Decoding speed | Fast | Moderate | Fast | Fast |
| Color depth | 8-bit | 8, 10, 12-bit (HDR support) | 8, 16-bit | 8-bit |
| Max dimensions | 16,383 x 16,383 px | No practical limit | No practical limit | 65,535 x 65,535 px |
| Progressive loading | No | Yes | No (interlaced PNG exists) | Yes |
Browser Support (as of 2026)
| Format | Chrome | Firefox | Safari | Edge | iOS Safari | Android |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WebP | 32+ | 65+ | 16+ | 18+ | 16+ | 4.2+ |
| AVIF | 85+ | 93+ | 16.4+ | 85+ | 16.4+ | 85+ |
| PNG | All | All | All | All | All | All |
| JPEG | All | All | All | All | All | All |
When to Use Each Format
| Format | Best For | Avoid When |
|---|---|---|
| WebP | General web images. Default choice for photos, illustrations, thumbnails. Best balance of compression, quality, and compatibility. | Email campaigns (limited client support), environments requiring lossless at maximum quality. |
| AVIF | Hero images, high-quality photography where file size is critical. Best compression ratio available. Use when encoding time is not a constraint. | Bulk image processing pipelines (slow encoding), older browser support required without fallback, email. |
| PNG | Logos, icons, screenshots, images with text, transparency over complex backgrounds, any image requiring pixel-perfect lossless quality. | Photographs (file size too large), any large image where lossy compression is acceptable. |
| JPEG | Universal fallback. Email images. Social media uploads (platforms re-encode anyway). Legacy system compatibility. | Images with text (compression artifacts), transparency needed, logos or sharp-edged graphics. |
Implementation Best Practice
Use the <picture> element with format fallback:
<picture>
<source srcset="image.avif" type="image/avif">
<source srcset="image.webp" type="image/webp">
<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description" width="800" height="600" loading="lazy">
</picture>
Key rules:
- Always include
widthandheightattributes to prevent Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) - Use
loading="lazy"for below-the-fold images - Use
loading="eager"orfetchpriority="high"for LCP (Largest Contentful Paint) images - Serve responsive sizes with
srcsetandsizesattributes for resolution switching - Compress JPEG at quality 75-85 for web, WebP at quality 75-80, AVIF at quality 60-70
- Always strip EXIF metadata for web delivery (privacy and file size)
Common questions
How do I install Funnel architect in Cursor, Claude Code, or Codex?
Run npx skills add indranilbanerjee/digital-marketing-pro --skill funnel-architect in the project where you want it, then ask your agent for the skill by name. The --skill flag installs only Funnel architect, not every skill in the repository.
Where does Funnel architect come from and what license is it under?
Funnel architect comes from the indranilbanerjee/digital-marketing-pro repository on GitHub. That repository has 190 GitHub stars. The skill is published under the MIT license.
Prefer plain text? Read the Funnel architect guide as markdown.
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